4. betty neuman's theories (liza)

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GOOD MORNING
Presenter Name
GOOD
AFTERNOON

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Betty Newman’s System
Model
By:-
Mrs. Liza S.
Thursday, July 18, 2013 2

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BETTY NEUMANN’S SYSTEM MODEL
• Betty Neumann’s system model provides a
comprehensive, flexible, holistic and system based
perspective for nursing.
• It focuses attention on the response of the client
system to actual or potential environmental stressors.

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BETTY NEUMANN’S SYSTEM MODEL
• The use of primary, secondary and tertiary nursing
prevention intervention for retention, attainment,
and maintenance of optimal client system wellness.

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HISTORY AND
BACKGROUND
OF THE
THEORIST

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HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF THE
THEORIST
• Betty Neumann was born in 1924, in
Lowel, Ohio.
• Completed B.Sc. nursing in 1957, and
M.S. in Mental Health Public health
consultation, from UCLA in 1966.
• She holds a Ph.D. in clinical psychology.

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HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF THE
THEORIST
• A pioneer in the community mental
health movement in the late 1960s.
• Began developing her health system
model, while a lecturer in community
health nursing at University of
California, Los Angeles.

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HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF
THE THEORIST
• The models was initially developed, in response
to graduate nursing students expression of a need
for course content, that would expose them to
breadth of nursing problems, prior to focusing on
specific nursing problem areas.

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HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF
THE THEORIST
• The model was published in 1972 as “A Model for
Teaching Total Person Approach to Patient Problems”
in Nursing Research.
• It was refined, and subsequently published in the first
edition of Conceptual Models for Nursing Practice, in
1974, and in the second edition in 1980.

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL
• Neumann’s model was influenced by a variety
of sources.
• The philosophy writers de Chardin and cornu
(on wholeness in system).
• Von Bertalanfy, and Lazlo on general system
theory.
• Selye on stress theory.
• Lararus on stress and coping.

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NEUMANN’S WORK & THE
CHARACTERISTICS
OF A THEORY
• Theories can be the bases for hypotheses, that
can be tested.
• Theories contribute to and assist in, increasing the
general body of knowledge within the discipline,
through the research implemented to validate
them.

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CHARACTERISTICS
OF A THEORY
• Theories connects the interrelated concepts in
such a way, as to create a different way of
looking at a particular phenomenon.
• Theories must be logical in nature .
• Theories should be relatively simple yet
generalizable.

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CHARACTERISTICS
OF A THEORY
• Theories can be utilized by the practitioner, to
guide and improve their practice.
• Theories must be consistent with other validated
theories, laws and principles but will leave open
unanswered questions, that need to be
investigated.

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BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
OF NEUMANN’S
THEORY

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BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
1. Each client system is unique, a composite of
factors and characteristics within a given range
of responses contained within a basic structure.
I am
unique

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BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
2. Many known, unknown and universal
stressors exist. Each differ in it’s potential
for disturbing a client’s usual stability level
or normal Line of Defense.

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3. Stressors both universal and known; some
are unique to the client. They have potential
to disturb equilibrium, thus causing a change
in priority of needs at any given moment.
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
Stressors
disturbs the
normal
equilibrium

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BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
4. Man is a composite of the interrelationship of
the four variables ( biological, psychological,
socio-cultural and developmental) which are at
all times present.

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BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
5. Each client/ client system has evolved a normal
range of responses to the environment that is
referred to as a normal Line of Defense. The
normal Line of Defense can be used as a
standard from which to measure health
deviation.

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BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
7. When the flexible Line of Defense is no
longer capable of protecting the client/ client
system, against an environmental stressor,
the stressor breaks through the normal Line
of Defense.

#Thursday, July 18, 2013 21
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS

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8.Primary prevention relates to general
knowledge applied to clients assessment to
identify stressors before they occur.
9.Secondary prevention relates to
symptomatology. These are interventions
generally initiated after an encounter with a
stressor.
10.Tertiary prevention relates to the adaptive
process, as reconstitution begins and moves
back towards primary prevention. These are
the interventions initiated after treatment.
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS

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MAJOR CONCEPTS
OF NEUMANN'S
THEORY

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FOUR MAJOR CONCEPTS

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1.Person
Each layer consists of five person variable or
subsystems: Physiological- Refer to the
physiochemical structure and function of the body.
Psychological- Refers to mental processes and
emotions. Socio-cultural- Refers to relationships;
and social/cultural expectations and activities.
Spiritual- Refers to the influence of spiritual beliefs.
Developmental- Refers to those processes related
to development over the lifespan.

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2.Environment
The internal environment exists within the client system.
The external environment exists outside the client system.
A created environment which is an environment that is created
and developed unconsciously by the client and is symbolic of
system wholeness.

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3.Health
Neuman sees health as being
equated with wellness. She
defines health/wellness as “the
condition in which all parts and
subparts (variables) are in
harmony with the whole of the
client (Neumann, 1995)”.

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3.Health
The client system moved toward
wellness when more energy is
available than is needed.
The client system moves toward
illness and death when more
energy is needed than is available.
.

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4. Nursing
Neuman sees nursing as a unique
profession that is concerned with all
of the variables, which influence the
response a person might have to a
stressor. The person is seen as a
whole, and it is the task of nursing to
address the whole person.

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4. Nursing
Neuman defines nursing as “action
which assist individuals, families
and groups to maintain a
maximum level of wellness, and
the primary aim is stability of the
patient/client system, through
nursing interventions to reduce
stressors.’’

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4. Nursing
The role of the nurse is seen in terms of degree of
reaction to stressors, and the use of primary,
secondary and tertiary interventions.

#Thursday, July 18, 2013 32
Primary
prevention
Secondary
prevention
Tertiary
prevention
Stressors
Reaction
Interventions
Reconstitution
Stressors
Stressors
Basic
structure
and Line of
Defense
The Neuman System Model (3 rd
edition, 1995)

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STAGES OF NURSING PROCESS
(BY NEUMAN)

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NEUMANN’S SYSTEM MODEL FORMAT

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ACCEPTANCE BY THE NURSING
COMMUNITY
PRACTICE
EDUCATION
RESEARCH

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Conclusion
Introduction of theory
History and background of theorist
Development of model
Characteristics of theory
Basic assumptions
Major concepts
Applications in nursing practice

#Thursday, July 18, 2013First year M.Sc.Nursing 37

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