6. Dating Conventions and Abbreviations B.C.=before Christ B.C.E.=before the Common Era A.D.= Anno Domini (the year of our Lord) C.E.=Common Era c. or ca.= circa C.=century

7. Pebble resembling a human face from Makaspansgat South Africa ca. 3,000,000 B.C.E. reddish brown jasperite approximately 2 3/8 in. wide

8. Apollo 11 Cave Namibia ca. 23,000 B.C.E. charcoal on stone 5 in x 4 3/4 in.

10. Human with Feline Head from Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany ca. 30,000-28,000 B.C.E. mammoth ivory 11 5/8 in. high

11. Human with Feline Head from Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany ca. 30,000-28,000 B.C.E. mammoth ivory 11 5/8 in. high

13. Venus of Willendorf from Willendorf, Austria ca. 28,000-25,000 B.C.E. limestone 4 1/4 in. high

15. Woman of Lespugue from cave of Les Rideaux, France ca. 20,000 B.C.E. mammoth ivory 5 3/4 in. high

16. Various European “ Venus ” figures Venus of Dolní Věstonice Moravia, Czeck Republic Ceramic (fired clay) 4.4in H 1.7inW

18. Woman of Laussel from a cave in Laussel, Dordogne, France ca. 25,000-20,000 B.C.E. painted limestone approximately 18 in. high

20. Bison reliefs from a cave at Le Tuc d’Audoubert, Ariége, France ca. 15,000-10,000 B.C.E. clay each approx 2 feet long

23. Chauvet Cave paintings Vallon-Pont-d’Arc, Ardèche, France ca. 30,000-28,000 B.C.E. pigment on stone

25. Pech-Merle Cave paintings Lot, France ca. 22,000 B.C.E. pigment on stone

27. Altamira Cave paintings Santander, Spain ca. 12,000-11,000 B.C.E. pigment on stone

30. Lascaux Cave paintings Lascaux, Dordogne, France ca. 15,000-13,000 B.C.E. pigment on stone

34. Mammoth bone dwelling from Ukraine ca. 16,000-10,000 B.C.E.

37. Great Stone Tower of Settlement Wall Jericho, Israel/Gaza ca. 8,000-7,000 B.C.E. Wall: 3.6m H x 1.8m width at base Tower: 3.6m H with staircase of 22 stone steps

38. Human Skulls with Restored Features from Jericho, Israel/Gaza ca. 7,000-6,000 B.C.E. skulls, plaster, shells

39. Human figure From Ain Ghazal, Jordan ca. 6,750-6,250 B.C.E. plaster, painted and inlaid with cowrie shell and bitumen

41. Çatal Höyük Turkey ca. 6,000-5,900 B.C.E. çatal is Turkish for "fork", höyük for "mound"

42. Restoration of a typical interior Çatal Höyük Turkey ca. 6,000-5,900 B.C.E.

43. Deer Hunt detail of a wall painting from Level III Çatal Höyük, Turkey ca. 5,750 B.C.E.

44. Çatal Höyük Turkey ca. 6,000-5,900 B.C.E.

45. Landscape with Volcanic Eruption Ç atal Höyük, Turkey ca. 6150 watercolor copy of a wall painting

47. Figures of Man and Woman From Cernavoda, Romania ca. 4,000-3,500 B.C.E. ceramic 4 1/2 in. high

48. Dolmens Ireland, Scotland, England, France Dolmens, also called "chamber tombs," usually contain one or more chambers or rooms in which the dead were buried. Some dolmens also contain long, stone chambers or halls which connect different rooms. These long chambers also are referred to as "Long tombs" and "passage-graves."

49. various Menhirs Ireland, Scotland, England, France Menhirs are large standing stones, or groups of standing stones, arranged in circles, or cromlechs, and henges.

51. Menhir alignments at Ménec, Carnac, France ca. 4,250-3,750 B.C.E.

53. Stonehenge Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England ca. 2,550-1,600 B.C.E. sarsen and bluestone Stonehenge was aligned with the rising sun at the midsummer solstice. It may have served to predict both lunar and solar eclipses.

56. End of Lecture