Memory Unit Chapter 9 Myers

1. Chapter 9 Memory

7. A Simplified Memory Model External events Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Sensory input Attention to important or novel information Encoding Encoding Retrieving

8. Encoding- Getting Information In Encoding Effortful Automatic

12. Encoding 20 15 10 5 0 8 16 24 32 42 53 64 Time in minutes taken to relearn list on day 2 Number of repetitions of list on day 1

13. Encoding-Serial Position Effect 12 Percentage of words recalled 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Position of word in list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

15. Encoding

22. Storage- Short Term Memory 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 3 6 9 12 15 18 Time in seconds between presentation of contestants and recall request (no rehearsal allowed) Percentage who recalled consonants

25. Storage- Long Term Memory Subsystems Types of long-term memories Explicit (declarative) With conscious recall Implicit (nondeclarative) Without conscious recall Facts-general knowledge (“semantic memory”) Personally experienced events (“episodic memory”) Skills-motor and cognitive Dispositions- classical and operant conditioning effects

30. Retrieval Cues 0 10 20 30 40 Water/ land Land/ water Land/ water Different contexts for hearing and recall Same contexts for hearing and recall Land/ land Percentage of words recalled

34. Forgetting as Encoding Failure External events Sensory memory Short- term memory Long- term memory Attention Encoding Encoding Encoding failure leads to forgetting

40. Forgetting as Interference

43. Forgetting Sensory memory - the senses momentarily register amazing detail Short term memory - a few items are both noticed and encoded Long-term storage - Some items are altered or lost Retrieval from long-term memory - depending on interference, retrieval cues moods and motives, some things get retrieved, some don’t Information bits