23. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Approximate age Stage Description of Task Infancy Trust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants (1st year) develop a sense of basic trust. Toddler Autonomy vs. shame Toddlers learn to exercise will and (2nd year) and doubt do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities. Preschooler Initiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks (3-5 years) and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent. Elementary Competence vs. Children learn the pleasure of applying (6 years- inferiority themselves to tasks, or they feel puberty) inferior.
24. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Approximate age Stage Description of Task Adolescence Identity vs. role Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by (teens into confusion testing roles and then integrating them to 20’s) form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are. Young Adult Intimacy vs. Young adults struggle to form close relation- (20’s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate 40’s) love, or they feel socially isolated. Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri- (40’s to 60’s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose. Late Adult Integrity vs. When reflecting on his or her life, the older (late 60’s and despair adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or up) failure.
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Notas del editor
Discovered by Norwegian Ivar Folling 1934 (norway it’s caled Folling’s Disease) Recessive genetic disorder-each parent must have at least one mutated allele of the gene, and the child must inherit 2 mutated alleles (one from each parent) it is possible for a parent with PKU to have a healthy child as long as spouse/partner does not have PKU. Children of 2 parents with PKU will always inherit the disease Every State requires screening within first 3 days of life (blood taken from heel) Microcephaly= small head (also prominent check and jaw bones with widely spaced teeth Diet= eliminate foods high in phenylalanine like meat, chicken, fish, nuts, cheese, peas, legumes, milk, dairy. Low starch Eat fruits, veggies, cereals, limited starch, milk substitutes Diet must be followed life long PKU - I in 15,000 births, but varies in countries. Significantly higher in Ireland (1 in 4,500) and fewer than 1 in 100,000 in Finland Recent Study (2007) people with PKU discharge concentrated amounts in breast milk and semen. Can be transferred between 2 PKU’s and can possibly lead to serious health issues. Rise of internet/social networking where people join online groups to cope, meet people suffering from same, seek each other out, thus increasing social interaction. Only a few minor cases reported, but it could become more of a problem.
In people more than 2 years old, the presence of a Babinski's reflex indicates damage to the nerve paths connecting the spinal cord and the brain (the corticospinal tract). Because this tract is right-sided and left-sided, a Babinski's reflex can occur on one side or on both sides.
The Moro reflex may be demonstrated by placing the infant face up on a soft, padded surface. The head is gently lifted with enough support to just begin to remove the body weight from the pad. (Note: The infant's body should not be lifted off the pad, only the weight removed.) The head is then released suddenly, allowed to fall backward momentarily, but quickly supported again (not allowed to bang on the padding). The infant may have a "startled" look, and the arms fling out sideways with the palms up and the thumbs flexed. As the reflex ends, the infant draws its arms back to the body, elbows flexed, and then relaxes. This is a normal reflex present in newborn infants. Absence of the Moro reflex in an infant is abnormal. Presence of a Moro reflex in an older infant, child, or adult is also abnormal. Two-sided absence of the Moro reflex suggests damage to the brain or spinal cord. One-sided absence of the Moro reflex suggests the possibility of a broken shoulder bone or injury to the group of nerves that run from the lower neck and upper shoulder area. Conditions associated with such nerve injury include Erb's palsy and Erb-Duchenne paralysis. Loss of muscle function on one side of the body may also produce an asymmetrical Moro reflex.
children first learn to move the parts that are at the center of their bodies and then the parts that are distant.
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