The Discovery and Colonization of America
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This document provides a broad overview of the history of European exploration and colonization of North America from the Norse voyages in the 10th century through the establishment of the United States in the late 18th century. It touches on many of the key events, people, and developments over this period, including early explorers like Columbus, the establishment of colonies by various European powers, the growth of the slave trade, conflicts between the colonists and Native Americans, the French and Indian War, the American Revolution and independence movement, and the challenges faced under the Articles of Confederation.
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The Discovery and Colonization of America
- 1. “Discovering America” • Norse – Ericson – Hopscotch – Greenland – L’Anse aux Meadows – Maine? – Newport?
- 2. Crusades • Crusades – Food – Venice & Genoa • Marco Polo – Trade by sea poss. • Gutenberg • Bubonic Plague – Less people – More food – Feudalism – Nationalism • Renaissance – New instruments
- 3. Prince Henry • Prince Henry – Portugal inches along African coast – Sao Tome • Slaves/Plantations • Barthomeu Dias – Genoa & Venice – Da Gama
- 4. Columbus • Spain – Isabella/Moors • Columbus – Bad with the ruler – San Salvador • Bahamas – Hispaniola • La Navidad – Returns with natives – 4 trips – Columbian Exchange • Goods, ppl & ideas
- 5. Magellan • Treaty of Tordesillas – Portugal – Brazil only – de Gama 1498 • Cabral – Vespucci • Balboa • Magellan – West voyage not feasible
- 6. Conquistadores • Conquistadores – Unemployed in Spain – Cortez • Aztec – Empire, tribute, sacrifice • Spain most powerful after – Pizarro • Smallpox • Inca • French – Verrazano – Cartier – Champlain • Lived with Indians
- 8. Huguenots • Huguenots – Challenge to Spain – St. Augustine 1st • England– Northwest Pass – Cabot—Newfoundland – Frobisher (China) – John Hawkins Africa to Haiti – Walter Raleigh trade/ Indians
- 9. England enters the Picture • England supplants Spain – Henry VIII – Elizabeth • Reform – Drake – Roanoke Island – Armada • Spain defends Cath. • English pond
- 11. England Colonizes in a Big Way • Hakluyt – New trade partners – Ease unemployment • Pressure valve • 1530-1680 Pop doubled causing many to leave • Joint-stock company – VA London – VA Plymouth – Takes time for profit
- 12. • Jamestown – License to poach – Terrible location • Swamp, drought – Gentlemen/servants – Search for gold • 38/144 – Malnutrition, disease, European traditions of labor – Could have done better if they learned to farm – John Smith • Harsh • “The Starving Time”
- 13. • Powhatan Confederacy – Aid led to survival – Weapons for reinforcing • Lord de la Warr – Irish tactics • Raid, burn, steal • Natives inferior • Almost exterminated due to VA success • John Rolfe – Made VA a stable colony – Seals peace by marriage
- 14. • Spread of the vile weed – Scattered settlements – Constant encroaching • Labor force – Indentured • Lack of labor • Poor, willing • Cheap, abundant • 2x or 3x pay • Most migrants to Chesapeake • Many premature deaths • Society of servants and ex-servants • Sometimes sold • Extended– legally – Stole, ran away, pregnant – Women no marriage – Freedom dues – Headright • Wealthy gentry class – More land, more workers – New arrivals in 1619 • Africans & wives?
- 15. • House of Burgesses – Series of harsh rulers – Representative self-government • Local laws only but, it set a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies • James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B. • Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629
- 16. • Maryland – Proprietary • Lord B’more • Sanctuary – But… conflict » Majority Protestants as yeoman » Catholics as gentry – Act of Toleration 1649 • Depended on tobacco & indentured servants
- 17. • Polarized society post 1649 – Land, money in east – Untamed in the west – Gov. Berkeley • No elections for 15 years • Only male landowners & heads of households • Monopolized fur trade w/ Indians • Bacon’s Rebellion – Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed – New workforce
- 18. • New England • Pilgrims – Separatists – Too corrupt – Holland – Mayflower Compact • Political body & legal auth • Will of majority – Squanto • Pilgrims as allies • Thanksgiving
- 19. • Mass. Bay Colony – Covenant • Contract for a mission – “City Upon a Hill” • Reform the Church of Eng. – King’s puppet – Families, educated, college – Voting rights • Property owning males • Popular got big tracts
- 20. The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted • Connecticut – Thomas Hooker – All males – Fundamental Orders of CT. • Rhode Island – Roger Williams • Land belonged to… • Freedom of religion – Newport 1658 – Anne Hutchinson • Comm. Directly with God
- 21. Relations with Indians • Pequot War of 1637 – White settlement disrupted trade – Narragansett allies – Heavily criticized • Tried to Christianize • Indians knew only unity stops encroachment
- 22. • King Philip’s War – Encroachment • Surrounded Indian towns • Sassamon • Mohawk • Great Swamp • Sold into slavery • Debt, ruined frontier, hatred • Eunice Williams stayed • Mary Rowlandson– Redemption Rock
- 23. Trouble in New England • Salem – Tituba • Witchcraft • Specters – Causes • Continual disorder explained by blame – Indian attacks – Decline of Puritan s. – Ergot
- 24. The Other Colonies • New York – 1609 Hudson – Albany – New Netherlands – New Amsterdam • Manhattan • Patroonships • Headright – Diverse – Huguenots • Peter Stuyvesant • Duke of York– James
- 25. • Pennsylvania – Wm. Penn – Quaker – Proprietary – Indians • Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims • Those having probs elsewhere – Religious toleration • “in the souls there is no sex”
- 26. • Carolina – Restoration as others – Barbados • Charles Town • Slaves • Staple crop – Eliza Lucas – VA influence
- 27. • Georgia – Oglethorpe – Buffer/Reform • Between two empires – Savannah
- 28. Governing the Colonies • Navigation Acts– raw materials – Revenue & divert trade – Only English/colonial ships – Enumerated list – Make money/ competition – Salutary Neglect • Robert Walpole – Ignore leads to more wealth • James II & WM/Mary get rid of Sal. Neg. • Admiralty Courts 1796
- 29. • Crown attacks colony’s charters – Mass Bay revoked – Dominion of New England • Under direct crown control • Land titles invalidated – Edmund Andros – Glorious Revolution • Mass Bay restored w/ • Other colonists revoke
- 30. – Leisler’s Rebellion – John Coode • More Indian Wars – New York • Beaver Wars • Iroquois – European diseases – Replenish – North Carolina • Tuscarora – Many enslaved – 6th Nation
- 31. • South Carolina – Yamassee • Abuse (slavery) • Threatened Lands • Spanish intrigue • Slavery – Portuguese • Africans practiced violence – European didn’t have too – Xtianized them instead
- 32. – Triangular Trade • Products & trade basis of European economy • Middle Passage – Deaths & suicides – Rebellion • Stono • No overturn, no winning fight for freedom • Colonial Experiences – The Great Awakening • First Shared
- 33. – Religious Indifference • Convert non-believer • Revive piety – Revivals • Jonathan Edwards – “Sinners… • Religious Diversity • Enlightenment – Life, liberty, property • John Locke – Right of rebellion • Peter Zenger
- 34. – Religion • Deism • God the Clockmaker – Ben Franklin • Poor Richard’s • The French in America – Champlain • Coureurs de bois– FR wants fur trade • Black Robes – Robert de la Salle • Mississippi
- 35. – No suppression Indians – Like European goods letting FR stay • Kept Spanish away • Wars with France – King William/Queen Anne • Mostly European • Frontier towns attacked – Still need English prot. – King George’s War • Louisbourg – Colonists furious » Boston widows
- 36. • French/Indian War – Contested land • Ohio Valley • French forts • Gov. Dinwiddie – Washington » Surrenders » British retaliate • Nova Scotia – Albany Congress • Albany Plan for Union – Ben Franklin
- 37. » Win Indians– non-committal » Colonists meet annually » Refused by colony & crown • Independence – not enough, too much – General Braddock • Duquesne– war! • Colonists refused • British feel colony bear responsibility • Indians side with French– less land hungry
- 38. – William Pitt • Better commanders – Local recruitment • Finance thoroughly, but… – Boon to colonial economy – Turning pt. • Focus on NA not WI – Attack Quebec – Cripple FR colonies – Plains of Abraham » Wolfe/Montcalm » Iroquois ally GB
- 39. – Treaty of Paris • Indians lose land • England east, Spain west – Colonial hangover • Colonists – Military confidence – Colonists treated poorly » No promotions » Discipline brutal » Amateurs • British concerns – Am. Trade w/ enemy – Am. Headed west
- 40. • Pontiac’s Rebellion – Refused to surrender lands – British raised prices – Several Br. Forts attacked – Many lives – Germ warfare • Proclamation of 1763 – Keep peace – Soldiers stationed here
- 41. • British problems – War debt – Colonists should help pay for empire – Pitt’s role – Standing Army (where?!?) – Quartering Act • Sugar Act – Molasses Act – Rewards for capture
- 42. • Stamp Act – Internal tax – James Otis • No rep in Parle • Direct rep here • Grenville virtual – Sons & Daughters • Boycott – VA Resolves • Patrick Henry • Caesar, Chas I and George
- 43. – Stamp Act Congress • First successful union • 9 of 13 • Rights & Grievances – Tax and represent redux – Jury w/o trial – Restrict on trade • Prevent distribution – Andrew Oliver » Effigy – Thomas Hutchinson » All resigned
- 44. • Boycott worked • Declaratory Act • Townsend Acts – Revenue Act of 1765 – Customs collectors paid by crown – Tax on lead, glass, paint, tea – Writs of assistance – New York Assembly
- 45. – Circular Letter • Sam Adams • Tax w/o consent? • VA Assembly agrees dissolved • Currently – Taxes – Houses searched – Troops stationed at the center of hotbeds
- 46. • Boston Massacre – March 5, 1770 – Soldiers withdrawn – Townsend repealed • Gaspée – Crown’s commission to find perpetrators – Committees of Correspondence • Cooperation to oppose
- 48. • Boston Tea Party – British East India Tea Co. • Smuggled tea • Tax lowered • Favoritism • Hurt current suppliers • Hurt smugglers • “Intolerable” Acts – 1. Boston Harbor – 2. Mass. Charter – 3. Trials in England
- 49. – 4. New Quartering Act – 5. Quebec Act • New borders – Land granted to Catholics! – No precedent – General Gage • First Continental Congress – Rights & Grievances • Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response
- 50. • Continental Association – Manage boycott – Ben Franklin » “we must hang together…” – Colonists forced to choose sides – Meet again in one year • Lexington & Concord 4/75 – Stockpiles – Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes – Sam Adams/John Hancock
- 51. – Boston under siege • Second Continental Congress – G. Washington C-in-C – Mass Militia named Cont. Army • Bunker Hill – 3 attempts – Pyrrhic victory – Hessians – Ports closed – Halifax
- 52. • Ethan Allen • Canadian Invasion – Not just about MA – Benedict Arnold • Common Sense – Thomas Paine • Hessian’s (unpopularity) – What happened to the family war
- 53. • Independence needed – Richard Henry Lee – “These colonies…” • Adams, Franklin, Jeff • SC & GA edit – All men… – Life, liberty & – Government purpose to allow – Government derives power – If government fails to allow
- 54. • Issues for the new government – How to share power – Controlled by who? – Women? – Slave status
- 55. • All signers… treason – All states write their own • Executive loses • Battle of New York – No pursuit– saved? – Desertion – Response • The Crisis • British ad/disad – Army • Do Pats measure up? – 3000 miles*** – Re-conquer judiciously
- 56. • New Jersey – Delaware – Trenton • Hessians – Princeton
- 57. • Americans – Good officers as well as bad – Home game – Women • Nurses • Domestic • Shurtleff • Pitcher
- 58. • Britain cuts off New Eng – Howe – Philadelphia • Brandywine • No accomplishment – Burgoyne – Saratoga • One of the biggest • French– decisive – Repossess (revenge) – Fear reconcile • Home-rule
- 59. • Valley Forge – Baron von Steuben » Inexperienced/ » undermanned • War in the West – Joseph Brandt • Iroquois Alliance moved to Canada – Dragging Canoe • Western settle. – Indians mostly neutral to leaning British • War on the Sea – John Paul Jones
- 60. • Bonhomme Richard – Privateers • War in the South – Charleston/ Savannah • Tories pledge allegiance to crown • Tories in charge of conquered – Treason; joining Brits, food, ammo – Penalty; house arrest, voting, property • African- Americans join post Charleston
- 61. • Nathaniel Greene – conciliatory – We fight… – Guerrilla (post Camden and Arnold) » Marion » Sumter » Drag Brits inland • Yorktown – De Grasse – Chesapeake, VA, NC – Cut their losses – “Oh God! It is all over” – “World Turned Upside Down”
- 62. • Treaty of Paris – All lands west to Miss. – Newfoundland – Independence recognized – Property confiscated
- 63. • State Constitutions – Governors – Bi-cameral – Limit voting rights • 25-50% – Southern solidarity – Slaves not fully human – NJ – Quok Walker • VA had bill of rights • Republican government – Elect reps – Weak central gov’t
- 64. • Articles of Confederation – 1st Constitution • Foreign affairs • Maintain army • Borrow • Issue currency – Not backed – Not worth… – Could not • Regulate trade • Draft • Tax • Laws 9/13, amend 13/13 • No exec, no judiciary • Tariff tried
- 65. • One vote per • Ratification problems – Western lands – 3/1781 – Accomplishments • Won war • Foreign affairs • New states • Land policy – Ordinance of 1785 • 1st independent source of revenue
- 66. • 6x6 • Education • Auction • Speculators • 640 for $1 each • Indians still obstacle • Ordinance of 1787 – Northwest Territory – 3 to 5 (equal) states • 60,000 – Bill of Rights – Equal to other states – No slavery but… • Fugitives
- 67. • Problems with Money – Soldiers wages – March on PHL – Paper worthless – Dept of Finance • Robert Morris • 5% imports – Denied (gov’t too powerful?)
- 68. • Post war depression – Rice crop – Farms confiscated – WI closed – Britain flooded states • Spain closed Miss – No US expansion • Shays’ Rebellion – Mass broke – Tax farmers – Confiscate land – Shays marches to courts/ arsenal • If govt destroys rights of people. – A of C not strong enough
- 69. • Slavery – Immediate to gradual freedom – VA manumission – “All men…” • QuokWalker • South… not human • NJ • Const. Convention – Annapolis Conf.
- 70. – Madison/Hamilton • Change A of C– too weak • 55 delegates– lawyers, rich • Closed doors – VA Plan • Proportional or equal rep • VA Plan meant new Const • Bi-cameral • Pop. proportioned • Exec chosen by legis. – Small states rejected
- 71. – NJ Plan • Big prob– how to satisfy big/small states • Uni-cameral – Tax/reg. trade • Plural execs
- 72. • Great Compromise – Roger Sherman – Bi-cameral • House, Senate • Electoral Colleg • 3/5 clause • Slavery till 1808 • 9 of 13 ratify • Ratification – Federalists/anti-Federalist • Fear distance power • Bill of Rights
- 73. – Delaware – New Hampshire – VA • Bill to be added – NY • Federalist Papers – Failure of A of C • First Election – Washington • Adams
- 74. • Dept of Treasury – Hamilton • State – Jefferson • War • “Cabinet” – Advisers – Adams did little • Senate
- 75. • 1st Congress – Tariff – Judiciary Act of 1789 • Supreme Ct. • John Jay • Law of the land • 1st 10 years hardly any big cases
- 76. • Bill of Rights – Madison (promised) • 2nd militia – 12-10 – No mention of who can vote • Financial problems – Hamilton– fan of elite/British – Consolidate power at nat’l level • Tariff for “protection” • South no
- 77. • Report on Public Credit – Fed debt at par • Speculators (wealthy stake) – Assumption • States have stake but subservient • South not happy • Washington D.C. • National Bank – Vault, loans, currency – Strict– Jefferson – Loose (Elastic) • Necessary and… • Any means not prohibited by Constitution • Political parties– 2nd term
- 78. • Whiskey Rebellion – Hamilton’s programs • 25% • West farmers – No protect against Indians • Bartering • Serious threat • Nationalize PA militia • Nat’l gov’t no tolerate resistance to laws • Frontier problems – Indians look to Eng./Sp. – US want to clear them out – Anthony Wayne • Fallen Timbers • Greenville – Ohio
- 79. • European problems – Revolution • England declares war – US bound ideo to Fr – Econ to GB • Neutrality • Citizen Genet • Jefferson resigns • British impress
- 80. – Jay’s Treaty • Hamilton’s role • Northwest – Loyalists property? – Article V – Prewar debts? A of C couldn’t enforce pay • Pay for ships • Allow trade w/ Brit. W.I. • Freed slaves not addressed • France capture US ships – Congress increases $$$ • House wants to refuse to fund • Executive Privilege
- 81. – Pinckney’s Treaty • Spain • Right of Deposit • Mississippi • Stay out of Indian affairs • Washington’s Farewell – Precedent – Party system – Alliances
- 82. • Election of 1796 – Adams – Jefferson – 71-68 – 12th Amendment • Adam’s presidency – Problems w/ France – XYZ Affair • Anti-French sentiment • Shipping • Talleyrand
- 83. – Undeclared war • Dept of Navy • US wins in West Indies – Alien & Sedition Acts • Aimed at Republicans – 14 year • Sedition Act – KY & VA resolutions • Compact • Nullification
- 84. • Election of 1800 – Adams • A/S • Taxes for Navy • Whiskey • Jay’s Treaty – Jefferson • Atheist • Jacobin • Sally Hemings • Burr as help • Tie • “Revolution”
- 85. • Jefferson Presidency – States center • Compact – Capital – Debt paid down • Gallatin • Army/navy • Excise tax • Sedition Act • Naturalization repealed • Kept par, et al
- 86. • Midnight Appointments – Federalists – John Marshall – Marbury v. Madison – Writ of Mandamus – Judicial Review – Samuel Chase
- 87. • Foreign Policy • Tripoli • Stephen Decatur – Louisiana Purchase • French control/empire? • Right of Deposit • Eli Whitney • Livingston/Madison • Haiti – Toussaint L’Ouverture • Napoleon needs $$$ more
- 88. • Feds oppose • Strict v. Loose • Doubled size • Lewis & Clark – Good relations – Flora/fauna – Water route – Oregon – Sacajawea – Louisiana 1812
- 89. • Domestic Issues – Essex Junto • New England, NY, NJ – Feds losing influence – Burr as governor – Hamilton – Southwest Empire? • 2nd Term – Problems w/ Britain & France • Continental System • Orders in Council
- 90. • Impressment – 6,000 1808-1811 • Chesapeake v. Leopard • Embargo Act – Disaster – Smuggling • Non- Intercourse Act • Election of 1808 – Madison – Feds gain seats – Macon’s Bill #2
- 91. – War Hawks • Henry Clay • John C. Calhoun • Andrew Jackson • All anti-British – Tippecanoe • Wm. Henry Harrison • Tecumseh • Federation • Tecumseh flees
- 92. • Causes for War – War Hawks want Canada – Florida – Impressment – Federalists oppose – Sectional vote – Orders in Council suspended but news travels slow
- 93. • War of 1812 – Ads: • Britain tied up w/Nap • Home game • Canada target w/ little pop. – Dis-ad: • Small army & old/untrained • “Mr. Madison’s War”
- 94. • Invasion of Canada – William Hull – NY Militia • Lake Erie – Oliver Hazard Perry – Thames • Retreating British • Tecumseh • York
- 95. • At Sea – USS Constitution • 2 big victories – Inland lakes – Privateers – British blockade • Economy crippled • Treasury broke – Bank expired
- 96. • 1814 Napoleon defeated – Chesapeake • Washington • Baltimore – Francis Scott Key – Hudson • Plattsburgh • Macdonough • War too costly – Southwest Campaign • Jackson
- 97. – Horseshoe Bend – Treaty of Ghent • Status Quo Ante Bellum • New Orleans – Hartford Convention • Feds last hurrah • Openly traded w/ Britain • State militias • 3/5 clause • 60 day embargo • 1 term President
- 98. • No successive President from same state • 2/3 vote for new states • Poor timing • Era of Good Feelings – 1816 Elections • James Monroe • Little opposition – Nationalism High – BUS re-chartered 1816 • Local banks
- 99. • War effort hurt – Tariff of 1816 • Protective – Florida • Adams-Onis – Rush-Bagot/Convention of 1818 • Demilitarized • 49th Parallel
- 100. • Panic of 1819 – Westward migration – Steamships – Wildcat – Distrust of BUS • McCulloch v. MD • MO Compromise – Whitney & LA Purchase • Slavery forefront • Profitable & expanding
- 101. – Balanced Senate • Tallmadge Amendment – Gradual Abolition – Precedent? » LA Purchase » South too? – Compromise by Clay • MO/ME • 36’36”
- 102. • Foreign Policy (Monroe) – Monroe Doctrine • Great Britain • West closed • US stays out of Europe • GB motives • Election of 1824 – Caucus – One party – Crawford—Clay– Adams – Jackson
- 103. – Jackson wins popular – Jackson wins electoral • Plurality • House • Clay’s role • Corrupt Bargain? • Adam’s Presidency – Internal improvements – National Road – Canals • Erie
- 104. – National University? – Naval College? • Election of 1828 – Jackson • Democratic Republicans • Property qual. Dropped – RI 1842 • Mudslinging • Rachel – Adams • National Republicans
- 105. • Jackson’s Presidency – King Mob– inauguration – Spoils System • Loyalists • Beginnings of patronage • Jackson & Tariff of 1828 – Inherited – Abominations • South manuf. little • South sold worldwide • Slavery?
- 106. • MO fires rekindled • Denmark Vesey 1822 – SC Exposition • Calhoun • KY & VA Resolutions • “Nullies” – Tariff of 1832 – Too little – Nullified – Secession?
- 107. – Jackson… “Hang the first” – Clay Compromise • 1833 Tariff – Force Bill – SC repealed nullification • Nullified Force Bill
- 108. • Indian Removal– Trail of Tears – Five Civilized Tribes • Cherokee • Alphabet • Sequoyah • Slave owners – Worcester v. GA • Sovereign • “John Marshall has made his decision…”
- 109. – West to “save” them – Sauk/Fox • Blackhawk – Seminole/Osceola • Eaton Malaria – Peggy wife of John – Sec’y of War – Floride Calhoun – Rachel – Cabinet resigned
- 110. – Martin Van Buren – VP frontrunner • Bank War & Election of 1832 – BUS controlled economy – Answers to no one – Controlled gold/silver – Nicholas Biddle – Clay asks for re-charter 4 years early (1832)
- 111. – Vetoed (as many others) • Clay & National Republicans – Nomination conventions with platforms (1st ) – First third party • Anti-Mason • William Wirt • Anti-Jackson • Morphed in with Whigs
- 112. • Killing the Bank – Mandate – Taney – Biddle tries to create crisis – “Pet” banks – More wildcats – Specie Circular • “Hard” currency only • Led to another panic
- 113. • Whigs & Election of 1836 – King Andrew the First – Only issue– Jackson • South hates tariff • North hates slavery • Clay hates Jackson • West lovers American System • Anti-Masons – Favorite Sons– Wm. Henry Harrison
- 114. • Van Buren’s Presidency – First born in “America” – “Machine-made” • Other Dems resented – Trouble in Maine • Aroostook • Webster-Ashburton 1842 – Abolitionism in full swing
- 115. – Panic of 1837 • Land spec. • Wildcats • Specie Circular • Wheat crop fail • Pet banks failed – Government $$$ • Buren– laissez faire • Independent Treasury Bill – Trail of Tears 1838 – Texas
- 116. • Election of 1840 – Tippecanoe & Tyler too! – “Log Cabin Campaign” – Martin van Buren • John Tyler – “His Accidency” – Anti-tariff, bank, internal improvements • Whig Congress – Ended Independent Treasury
- 117. – Passed BUS • Vetoed • Mass resignations • Expelled by Whig caucus • Texas – Mexico 1821 • Needed population • Stephen Austin • Mexico wants – 300 Roman Cath. – Mexicanized
- 118. • Many just ahead of US law • Many bring slaves • Mexico emancipated 1830 • Austin to Mex. City • All local rights suspended by Santa Anna – Raises army • Lone Star Republic – 1836 independence – Sam Houston Pres.
- 119. – Alamo • Davy Crockett/ Jim Bowie – Martyrs – San Jacinto • Forced terms • Independence • Rio Grande • Repudiated • TX Annexation? – No, recognize – Northern protest – Mexico– province in revolt
- 120. • Texas attracts plenty of attention – Cotton, no tariffs • Election of 1844 – Texas biggest issue – Clay– waffled – Polk– Dem—dark-horse • Pro-annexation – Texas, Oregon, California – “54’40 or fight” – Liberty Party– NY!
- 121. – Tyler sees election as mandate • Joint resolution • Oregon – Britain losing pop. Race – Robert Gray – Lewis & Clark – Manifest Destiny – Polk cooled post-TX • War • South not excited for Oregon
- 122. • Oregon not excited for South or Polk • Problems with Mexico – Polk wants Calif. – Mex. Recalls ambassador post annex – Neuces Rio Grande “no man’s land” – Slidell to buy – Zack Taylor to Rio Grande
- 123. – “American blood shed…” • US declared war • “Spot resolutions” • Northerners not happy – Henry David Thoreau – But, Britain ready to seize • War with Mexico – Polk hopes for quick victories – Santa Anna offers help
- 124. – Taylor heads south • Buena Vista – Winfield Scott • Veracruz • Together, must capture Mex. City • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – NM & CA
- 125. • Effects of war – 1st invasion – 13,000 dead • Mostly disease – Experience for next war • Who did fighting? • Slavery issue rekindled – Wilmot Proviso – Southern “Slavocracy”
- 126. • Election of 1848 – Democrats– Lewis Cass • Popular sovereignty • No stand on slavery in territories – Whigs– Zack Taylor • Hero • Slaveholder • No stand in territories – Free Soil Party– Van Buren
- 127. – Amalgamation of those… • Against slavery • Pro-Wilmot • Racists not into sharing • Abolitionists • NY again! • California Dreaming – John Sutter – Growing fast – Need government bad – Taylor encourages statehood
- 128. – Bypass territory status – Still tied in Senate • Nothing on horizon for South • As precedent for rest of Mexican Cession • Compromise of 1850 – Clay – Taylor dead – Fugitive Slave Law • Underground RR • Harriet Tubman
- 129. – CA free– permanently tilted – NM & Utah– pop. Sov. – Slave trade in DC • North opposition to FSL – $5 free, $10 returned – Aid in escape? Fines and jail – Personal Liberty Laws • Denied use of jails • MA nullify – South losing face
- 130. • Uncle Tom’s Cabin – Harriet Beecher Stowe 1852 • Election of 1852 – Democrats– Franklin Pierce • Dark-horse • Pro-slavery northerner • “the hero of many a bottle”
- 131. – Whigs– need another war hero • No to Fillmore • Winfield Scott • Whigs not in agreement – End of Party • Pierce Presidency – Pro-expansion – Wm. Walker– Nicaragua – Cuba– Ostend Manifesto – Gadsden Purchase • Terminus?
- 132. – Kansas-Nebraska Act • Northern Terminus too? • Stephen Douglas • Two territories – Pop. Sov. – Voided MO Comp. – North gave up on any enforcement of FSL – New Party • Republicans – Prevent spread – Dem becomes Southern – Rep. in South?
- 133. • Bleeding Kansas – NE Emigrant Aid – Beecher’s Bibles – South there was an understanding – Territorial government • Border Ruffians • Lecompton • Topeka • Pierce chooses
- 134. – Violence • Lawrence • Pottawatomie Creek – John Brown – Senate Problems • Charles Sumner • “The Crime Against Kansas” • Andrew Butler– Preston Brooks
- 135. • Election of 1856 – Democrats tainted by Kansas – James Buchanan • Doughface • Pro-popular sovereignty – Republicans • Fremont • No slavery in territories – Know-Nothing • Anti- • Milliard Fillmore
- 136. • Dred Scott – Roger Taney • No citizen • Property • 5th Amendment • MO Comp Unconst. • Rep. called opinion – Defiance of SC – Buch. & Taney part of “Slave Conspiracy” – Southerners incensed
- 137. • Illinois Senate Election 1858 – Lincoln –Douglas Debates • Freeport Doctrine • Douglas wins/loses South – Split Dems • Lincoln gets attn • Harper’s Ferry – John Brown– part II – “Secret Six”
- 138. • Election of 1860 – Democrats split – North wing • Douglas – South wing • John C. Breckinridge (KY) – Federal protection of slavery • Republicans – Lincoln • RRs, Homesteads, Tariff • NO EXTENSION OF SLAVERY
- 139. – Const. Union Party • John Bell (KY) • Secession – South Car. + 6 – Montgomery– CSA • Republican Party forced them either now or later • North won’t fight • North needs cotton – Jeff Davis – Buchanan “Lame Duck”
- 140. – Compromise? • Crittenden – Inaugural • Respect where existed • War in hands of South • Fort Sumter – Anderson/ Beauregard – South aggressor helps • Border states stay but – MD, MO, KY – Habeas corpus
- 141. – 75,000 for 90 – Upper South secedes • Richmond • South blockaded – Ad South • Defensive– military superior– cotton – Dis-Ad • No factories– lousy transportation– 9 million minus 3.5– state’s rights
- 142. – Ad North • Factories– RR—Navy– 22 million + immigration – Dis-Ad • military top to bottom – Southern Aims • European intervention – Cotton – Warehouses full – Egypt—India – North traded grain, corn
- 143. – Diplomacy • Trent • CSS Alabama – 15.5 million fine – Staffing • North– 1863– subs– NYC • South– 1862– subs – “Rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight” – Finances • North– Nat’l Banking System– greenbacks, bonds, tariffs • 1st millionaires
- 144. • South – Bonds, graybacks, farm tax – Blockade & invasion crushed economy – Transportation suffered – Women • Jobs– farms, industry • Sewing machine • Spies • Professional nurses – Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix
- 145. • And the War Came – Bull Run – “picnic” – Skedaddled – South– overconfident – North– fight harder • McClellan & Peninsula – Jackson tricks – Stuart encircles – Lee defeats
- 146. • War at Sea – Blockade becomes more effective – Merrimac (VA) – Monitor • On to Antietam – 2nd Bull Run – Lee invades MD – McClellan restored • Plans found, bloodiest day, draw, Burnside
- 147. – Results • GB & France no recog. • Emancipation Proc. – “he did where he couldn’t and didn’t…” • Moral cause stronger • Off-year elections lost • South thought he was starting an insurrection • Now destroy the “Old” South
- 148. • African Americans – 180,000; 38,000 dead – 54th Mass • Wagner, Rob’t Shaw • Fort Pillow • On to Gettysburg – Burnside • Fredericksburg – Hooker • Chancellorsville • Stonewall Jackson
- 149. – Meade – Lee invades North again • Take attn off VA • Rile peace protestors • Pickett’s Charge • “High water mark” • Gettysburg Address – War in the West • Lincoln finds his general • Henry & Donelson – Keep KY & open TN
- 150. – Shiloh – New Orleans – Vicksburg • Loss of western supply • Day after Gettysburg – Chattanooga & Chickamauga • Cleared TN of Rebels • Grant promoted • Sherman takes West command
- 151. – Atlanta– Savannah • Total war • Live land • Sherman “neckties” • Destroyed supplies/morale – Desertions up • Worst for South Car. • Elections of 1864 • National Union Party – Andrew Johnson
- 152. – Democrats • McClellan – Sheridan/Sherman seal – Soldiers furloughed – South more despondent • Grant in the East – Lee – Wilderness— Spotsylvania—Cold Harbor • The “Butcher”
- 153. – Petersburg – Richmond – Lee corned at Appomattox – Davis caught in GA – Lincoln • Ford’s Theatre • John Wilkes Booth
- 154. • Reconstruction – Economy • Banks • Transportation • Farms • Cotton– overreliance – Freedmen’s Bureau • O. O. Howard – Clothing, food, medical care, education – 1st large federal welfare – Help AA adjust to freedom
- 155. – President Andrew John • TN • Used for Border States • Presidential Recon – Lincoln – 10% – Wade-Davis 50% » Congress– who has the right? » Suicide– conquered » Pocket-veto
- 156. – Two Camps • Moderates • Radicals – Johnson Tries • Used Lincoln’s • Congress not in session • Personal petitions – Granted pardons undermining • Ratify 13th • Declare secession illegal – Many ignored him
- 157. – Black Codes • Servility • Contracts • Sharecroppers • No land, no vote, no jury – South Congressmen • Alex Stephens • Republicans alarmed • 12 new votes • Johnson declares Reconstruction a success
- 158. – Republican accomplishments • Tariff, Homestead Act, Pacific RR Act – South gains 12 seats – Congress takes over • Freedmen vetoed • Civil Rights Bill– vetoed & overruled • 14th Amendment • 10 states refuse • Off-year elections
- 159. – Radicals • Sumner (Senate) & Stevens (House) • Reconstruction Act – 5 districts – Tenure of Office Act – Edwin Stanton – Impeached • 15th Amendment – Election of 1868 – Grant • 500,000 new voters
- 160. – Ku Klux Klan • Intimidate, Redeem • Enforcement Act – Redemption • Grand-father clause, literacy test, poll tax – Grant’s Admin • Corrupt • Hurts Recon • Democrats win House 1874
- 161. • Election of 1876 – Democrats– Tilden – Republicans– Hayes – South Car, LA, FLA – Compromise • Hayes • Troops pulled • South RR & aid • Cabinet member • Most gains erased
- 162. • 1890s Jim Crow • 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson • 1954 Brown v. Board • Solid South – Reagan 1980