1. “Native” Americans
• Beringia
– Eskimo
– Northwest
– Anasazi
• Pueblos
• Water conservation
– Similarities
• Diet
– Hunt, farm, fish
• Bows & arrows
• No writing
2. • Vs. Europeans
– Less dense
– No wheels or ships
– Small animals only
• Ericsson
• Prince Henry
• Bartolomeu Dias
• Vasco da Gama breaks
Mediterranean
monopoly 1498
3. • Portugal inches along
African coast
– Slaves
– Religion
• Cape Verde 1st plantations
• Ottoman Turks
– Genoa & Venice
– Atlantic nations look
west
4. • Spain
– Moors
• Columbus
– Bad with the ruler
– San Salvador
• Bahamas
– Hispaniola
• La Navidad
– Returns with natives
– 4 trips
– Columbian Exchange
• Goods, ppl & ideas
5. • Treaty of Tordesillas
– Portugal
– Brazil only
– de Gama 1498
• Cabot
– Northwest Passage/ cod
• Cabral
– Vespucci
• Balboa
• Magellan
– West voyage not feasible
6. • Conquistadores
– Cortez
• Aztec
– Empire, tribute, sacrific
e
• Spain most powerful after
– Pizarro
• Inca
• French
– Verrazano
– Cartier
7.
8. • Up to now
– No settlements in
America
– Spanish Empire
– Portugal to China
– International fishing
9. • Huguenots
– Challenge to Spain
– St. Augustine 1st
• England
– John Hawkins Africa to
Haiti
• Factors encouraging
exploration
– Technological advances
– Monarchs looking to
enlarge, enrich
– Gold, glory & the Gospel
10. • England supplants Spain
– Henry VIII
– Elizabeth
• Reform
– Drake
– Roanoke Island
– Armada
• Spain defends Cath.
• English pond
11.
12. England Colonizes in a Big Way
• Hakluyt
– New trade partners
– Ease unemployment
• Pressure valve
• 1530-1680 Pop doubled
causing many to leave
• Joint-stock company
– VA London
– VA Plymouth
– Takes time for profit
13. • Jamestown
– License to poach
– Terrible location
• Swamp, drought
– Gentlemen/servants
– Search for gold
• 38/144
– Malnutrition, disease, Eur
opean traditions of labor
– Could have done better if
they learned to farm
– John Smith
• Harsh
• “The Starving Time”
14. • Powhatan Confederacy
– Aid led to survival
– Weapons for reinforcing
• Lord de la Warr
– Irish tactics
• Raid, burn, steal
• Natives inferior
• Almost exterminated due
to VA success
• John Rolfe
– Made VA a stable colony
– Seals peace by marriage
15. • Spread of the vile weed • Society of servants and
ex-servants
– Scattered settlements • Sometimes sold
– Constant encroaching • Extended– legally
• Labor force – Stole, ran
away, pregnant
– Indentured – Women no marriage
• Lack of labor – Freedom dues
• Poor, willing – Headright
• Cheap, abundant • Wealthy gentry class
• 2x or 3x pay – More land, more
• Most migrants to workers
Chesapeake – New arrivals in 1619
• Many premature deaths • Africans & wives?
16. • House of Burgesses
– Series of harsh rulers
– Representative self-
government
• Local laws only but, it set
a precedent of self-
government at local level
in colonies
• James hates tobacco and
distrusted H of B.
• Charter revoked
1624, reinstated 1629
17. • Maryland
– Proprietary
• Lord B’more
• Sanctuary
– But… conflict
» Majority
Protestants as
yeoman
» Catholics as gentry
– Act of Toleration 1649
• Depended on tobacco &
indentured servants
18. • Polarized society post
1649
– Land, money in east
– Untamed in the west
– Gov. Berkeley
• No elections for 15 years
• Only male landowners &
heads of households
• Monopolized fur trade w/
Indians
• Bacon’s Rebellion
– Big guys & little
guys, Berkeley removed
– New workforce
19. • New England
• Pilgrims
– Separatists
– Too corrupt
– Holland
– Mayflower Compact
• Political body & legal auth
• Will of majority
– Squanto
• Pilgrims as allies
• Thanksgiving
20. • Mass. Bay Colony
– Covenant
• Contract for a mission
– “City Upon a Hill”
• Reform the Church of Eng.
– King’s puppet
– Families, educated, colle
ge
– Voting rights
• Property owning males
• Popular got big tracts
21. The sewer where the “Lord’s debris”
collected and rotted
• Connecticut
– Thomas Hooker
– All males
– Fundamental Orders of CT.
• Rhode Island
– Roger Williams
• Land belonged to…
• Freedom of religion
– Newport 1658
– Anne Hutchinson
• Comm. Directly with God
22. Relations with Indians
• Pequot War of 1637
– White settlement
disrupted trade
– Narragansett allies
– Heavily criticized
• Tried to Christianize
• Indians knew only unity
stops encroachment
23. • King Philip’s War
– Encroachment
• Surrounded Indian towns
• Sassamon
• Mohawk
• Great Swamp
• Sold into slavery
• Debt, ruined
frontier, hatred
• Eunice Williams stayed
• Mary Rowlandson–
Redemption Rock
24. Trouble in New England
• Salem
– Tituba
• Witchcraft
• Specters
– Causes
• Continual disorder
explained by blame
– Indian attacks
– Decline of Puritan s.
– Ergot
25. The Other Colonies
• New York
– 1609 Hudson
– Albany
– New Netherlands
– New Amsterdam
• Manhattan
• Patroonships
• Headright
– Diverse
– Huguenots
• Peter Stuyvesant
• Duke of York– James
26. • Pennsylvania
– Wm. Penn
– Quaker
– Proprietary
– Indians
• Purchase land, deal
fairly, respect claims
• Those having probs
elsewhere
– Religious toleration
• “in the souls there is no
sex”
27. • Carolina
– Restoration as others
– Barbados
• Charles Town
• Slaves
• Staple crop
– Eliza Lucas
– VA influence
28. • Georgia
– Oglethorpe
– Buffer/Reform
• Between two empires
– Savannah
29. Governing the Colonies
• Navigation Acts
– Only English/colonial
ships
– Enumerated list
– Make money/
competition
– Salutary Neglect
• Robert Walpole
• Admiralty Courts
30. • Crown attacks colony’s
charters
– Mass Bay
– Dominion of New
England
• Under direct crown
control
• Land titles invalidated
• Edmund Andros
• Glorious Revolution
– Mass Bay restored
31. – Leisler’s Rebellion
– John Coode
• More Indian Wars
– New York
• Beaver Wars
• Iroquois
– European diseases
– North Carolina
• Tuscarora
– Many enslaved
– 6th Nation
32. • South Carolina
– Yamassee
• Abuse (slavery)
• Lands
• Spanish intrigue
• Slavery
– Portuguese
• Africans practiced
violence
– European didn’t have
too
– Xtianized them instead
33. – Triangular Trade
• Products & trade basis of
economy
• Middle Passage
– Rebellion
• Stono
• No overturn, no winning
fight for freedom
• Colonial Experiences
– The Great Awakening
• First Shared
34. – Religious Indifference
• Convert non-believer
• Revive piety
– Revivals
• Jonathan Edwards
– “Sinners…
• Religious Diversity
• Enlightenment
– Life, liberty, property
• John Locke
– Right of rebellion
• Peter Zenger
35. – Religion
• Deism
• God the Clockmaker
– Ben Franklin
• Poor Richard’s
• The French in America
– Champlain
• Coureurs de bois
• Black Robes
– Robert de la Salle
• Mississippi
36. – No suppression Indians
– Like European goods
• Kept Spanish away
• Wars with France
– King William/Queen
Anne
• Mostly European
• Frontier towns attacked
– Still need English prot.
– King George’s War
• Louisbourg
– Colonists furious
» Boston widows
37. • French/Indian War
– Contested land
• Ohio Valley
• French forts
• Gov. Dinwiddie
– Washington
» Surrenders
» British retaliate
• Nova Scotia
– Albany Congress
• Albany Plan for Union
– Ben Franklin
38. » Win Indians
» Colonists meet
annually
» Refused by colony
& crown
• Independence
– not
enough, too
much
– General Braddock
• Duquesne
• Colonists refused
• British feel colony bear
responsibility
• Indians side with French–
less land hungry
39. – William Pitt
• Better commanders
– Local recruitment
• Finance thoroughly, but…
– Boon to colonial
economy
• Focus on NA not WI
– Attack Quebec
– Cripple colonies
– Plains of Abraham
» Wolfe/Montcalm
» Iroquois ally GB
40. – Treaty of Paris
• Indians lose land
• England east, Spain west
– Colonial hangover
• Colonists
– Military confidence
– Colonists treated poorly
» No promotions
» Discipline brutal
» Amateurs
• British concerns
– Am. Trade w/ enemy
– Am. Headed west
41. • Pontiac’s Rebellion
– Refused to surrender
lands
– British raised prices
– Several Br. Forts attacked
– Many lives
– Germ warfare
• Proclamation of 1763
– Keep peace
– Soldiers stationed here
42. • British problems
– War debt
– Colonists should help
pay for empire
– Pitt’s role
– Standing Army
(where?!?)
– Quartering Act
• Sugar Act
– Molasses Act
– Rewards for capture
43. • Stamp Act
– Internal tax
– James Otis
• No rep in Parle
• Direct rep here
• Grenville virtual
– Sons & Daughters
• Boycott
– VA Resolves
• Patrick Henry
• Caesar, Chas I and George
44. – Stamp Act Congress
• First successful union
• 9 of 13
• Rights & Grievances
– Tax and represent redux
– Jury w/o trial
– Restrict on trade
• Prevent distribution
– Andrew Oliver
» Effigy
– Thomas Hutchinson
» All resigned
45. • Boycott worked
• Declaratory Act
• Townsend Acts
– Revenue Act of 1765
– Customs collectors paid
by crown
– Tax on
lead, glass, paint, tea
– Writs of assistance
– New York Assembly
46. – Circular Letter
• Sam Adams
• Tax w/o consent?
• VA Assembly agrees
dissolved
• Currently
– Taxes
– Houses searched
– Troops stationed at the
center of hotbeds
47. • Boston Massacre
– March 5, 1770
– Soldiers withdrawn
– Townsend repealed
• Gaspée
– Crown’s commission to
find perpetrators
– Committees of
Correspondence
• Cooperation to oppose
48.
49. • Boston Tea Party
– British East India Tea Co.
• Smuggled tea
• Tax lowered
• Favoritism
• Hurt current suppliers
• Hurt smugglers
• “Intolerable” Acts
– 1. Boston Harbor
– 2. Mass. Charter
– 3. Trials in England
50. – 4. New Quartering Act
– 5. Quebec Act
• New borders
– Land granted to
Catholics!
– No precedent
– General Gage
• First Continental
Congress
– Rights & Grievances
• Hope for cooler heads in
Parlement– no response
51. • Continental Association
– Manage boycott
– Ben Franklin
» “we must hang
together…”
– Colonists forced to
choose sides
– Meet again in one year
• Lexington & Concord 4/75
– Stockpiles
– Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes
– Sam Adams/John Hancock
52. – Boston under siege
• Second Continental
Congress
– G. Washington C-in-C
– Mass Militia named Cont.
Army
• Bunker Hill
– 3 attempts
– Pyrrhic victory
– Hessians
– Ports closed
– Halifax
53. • Ethan Allen
• Canadian Invasion
– Benedict Arnold
• Common Sense
– Thomas Paine
• Hessian’s (unpopularity)
• Fawkes Day
– Need European support
54. • Independence needed
– Richard Henry Lee
– “These colonies…”
• Adams, Franklin, Jeff
• SC & GA edit
– All men…
– Life, liberty &
– Government purpose to
allow
– Government derives
power
– If government fails to
allow
55. • All signers… treason
• All states write their own
• Battle of New York
– No pursuit
– Desertion
– The Crisis
• British ad/disad
– Army
– 3000 miles
– Re-conquer judiciously
57. • Americans
– Good officers as well as
bad
– Home game
– Women
• Nurses
• Domestic
• Shurtleff
• Pitcher
58. • Britain cuts off New Eng
– Howe
– Philadelphia
• Brandywine
• No accomplishment
– Burgoyne
– Saratoga
• One of the biggest
• French
– Repossess
– Fear reconcile
• Home-rule
59. • Valley Forge
– Baron von Steuben
• War in the West
– Joseph Brandt
• Iroquois Alliance
– George Rogers Clark
– Indians mostly neutral to
leaning British
• War on the Sea
– John Paul Jones
60. • Bonhomme Richard
– Privateers
• War in the South
– Charleston/ Savannah
• Put Tories in charge
• African- Americans
• Nathaniel Greene
– We fight…
– Guerrilla
» Marion
» Sumter
» Further inland
61. • Yorktown
– De Grasse
– Cut their losses
• Treaty of Paris
62. • State Constitutions
– Governors
– Bi-cameral
– Limit voting rights
• South “at least you…”
– VA had bill of rights
• Republican government
– Elect reps
– Weak central gov’t
63. • Articles of Confederation
• Foreign affairs
• Maintain army
• Borrow
• Issue currency
– Could not
• Regulate trade
• Draft
• Tax
• Laws 9/13, amend 13/13
• No exec, no judiciary
64. • One vote per
• Ratification problems
– Western lands
– 3/1781
– Accomplishments
• Won war
• Foreign affairs
• New states
• Land policy
– Ordinance of 1785
• 1st independent source of
revenue
65. • 6x6
• Education
• Auction
• Speculators
• 640 for $1 each
• Ordinance of 1787
– Northwest Territory
– 3 to 5 (equal) states
• 60,000
– Bill of Rights
– No slavery but…
66. • Problems with Money
– Soldiers wages
– March on PHL
– Paper worthless
– Dept of Finance
• Robert Morris
• 5% imports
– Denied (gov’t too
powerful?)
67. • Post war depression
– Rice crop
– Farms confiscated
– WI closed
– Britain flooded states
• Shays’ Rebellion
– Mass broke
– Tax farmers
– Confiscate land
– Shays marches to courts/
arsenal
– A of C not strong enough
68. • Slavery
– Immediate to gradual
freedom
– VA manumission
– “All men…”
• Quok Walker
• South… not human
• NJ
• Const. Convention
– Annapolis Conf.
69. – Madison/Hamilton
• Change A of C– too weak
• 55 delegates– lawyers
– VA Plan
• Bi-cameral
• Pop. proportioned
• Exec chosen by legis.
– NJ Plan
• Uni-cameral
• Plural execs
70. • Great Compromise
– Roger Sherman
– Bi-cameral
• House, Senate
• 3/5 clause
• Slavery till 1808
• 9 of 13 ratify
• Ratification
– Federalists/anti-
Federalist
• Fear distance power
• Bill of Rights
71. – Delaware
– New Hampshire
– VA
• Bill to be added
– NY
• Federalist Papers
– Failure of A of C
• First Election
– Washington
• Adams
72. • Dept of Treasury
– Hamilton
• State
– Jefferson
• War
• “Cabinet”
– Advisers
• Judiciary Act of 1789
– Supreme Ct.
– John Jay
73. • Bill of Rights
– Madison
– 12-10
– No mention of who can
vote
• Financial problems
– Hamilton
• Tariff
• South no
– Report on Public Credit
74. – Fed debt at par
• Speculators (wealthy)
– Assumption
• States have stake
• South not happy
• Washington D.C.
• National Bank
– Vault, loans, currency
– Strict
– Loose
• Necessary and…
• Political parties
75. • Whiskey Rebellion
– Hamilton’s programs
• 25%
• Bartering
• Serious threat
• Nationalize PA militia
• Frontier problems
– Indians look to Eng./Sp.
– Anthony Wayne
• Fallen Timbers
• Greenville
– Ohio
76. • European problems
– Revolution
• Neutrality
• Citizen Genet
• Jefferson resigns
• British impress
– Jay’s Treaty
• Hamilton’s role
• Northwest
• Pay for ships
• Allow trade w/ Brit. W.I.
77. • Freed slaves?
• Executive privilege
– Pinckney’s Treaty
• Spain
• Right of Deposit
• Mississippi
• Washington’s Farewell
– Precedent
– Party system
– Alliances
78. • Election of 1796
– Adams
– Jefferson
– 71-68
– 12th Amendment
• Adam’s presidency
– Problems w/ France
– XYZ Affair
• Shipping
• Talleyrand
79. – Undeclared war
• Dept of Navy
– Alien & Sedition Acts
• Aimed at Republicans
– 14 year
• Sedition Act
– KY & VA resolutions
• Compact
• Nullification
80. • Election of 1800
– Adams
• A/S
• Taxes for Navy
• Whiskey
• Jay’s Treaty
– Jefferson
• Atheist
• Jacobin
• Sally Hemings
• Burr as help
• Tie
• “Revolution”
81. • Jefferson Presidency
– States center
• Compact
– Capital
– Debt paid down
• Gallatin
• Army/navy
• Excise tax
• Sedition Act
• Naturalization repealed
• Kept par, et al
82. • Midnight Appointments
– Federalists
– John Marshall
– Marbury v. Madison
– Writ of Mandamus
– Judicial Review
– Samuel Chase
83. • Foreign Policy
• Tripoli
• Stephen Decatur
– Louisiana Purchase
• French control/empire?
• Right of Deposit
• Eli Whitney
• Livingston/Madison
• Haiti
– Toussaint L’Ouverture
• Napoleon needs $$$
more
84. • Feds oppose
• Strict v. Loose
• Doubled size
• Lewis & Clark
– Good relations
– Flora/fauna
– Water route
– Oregon
– Sacajawea
– Louisiana 1812
85. • Domestic Issues
– Essex Junto
• New England, NY, NJ
– Feds losing influence
– Burr as governor
– Hamilton
– Southwest Empire?
• 2nd Term
– Problems w/ Britain &
France
• Continental System
• Orders in Council
86. • Impressment
– 6,000 1808-1811
• Chesapeake v. Leopard
• Embargo Act
– Disaster
– Smuggling
• Non- Intercourse Act
• Election of 1808
– Madison
– Feds gain seats
– Macon’s Bill #2
87. – War Hawks
• Henry Clay
• John C. Calhoun
• Andrew Jackson
• All anti-British
– Tippecanoe
• Wm. Henry Harrison
• Tecumseh
• Federation
• Tecumseh flees
88. • Causes for War
– War Hawks want Canada
– Florida
– Impressment
– Federalists oppose
– Sectional vote
– Orders in Council
suspended but news
travels slow
89. • War of 1812
– Ads:
• Britain tied up w/Nap
• Home game
• Canada target w/ little
pop.
– Dis-ad:
• Small army &
old/untrained
• “Mr. Madison’s War”
90. • Invasion of Canada
– William Hull
– NY Militia
• Lake Erie
– Oliver Hazard Perry
– Thames
• Retreating British
• Tecumseh
• York
91. • At Sea
– USS Constitution
• 2 big victories
– Inland lakes
– Privateers
– British blockade
• Economy crippled
• Treasury broke
– Bank expired
92. • 1814 Napoleon defeated
– Chesapeake
• Washington
• Baltimore
– Francis Scott Key
– Hudson
• Plattsburgh
• Macdonough
• War too costly
– Southwest Campaign
• Jackson
93. – Horseshoe Bend
– Treaty of Ghent
• Status Quo Ante Bellum
• New Orleans
– Hartford Convention
• Feds last hurrah
• Openly traded w/ Britain
• State militias
• 3/5 clause
• 60 day embargo
• 1 term President
94. • No successive President
from same state
• 2/3 vote for new states
• Poor timing
• Era of Good Feelings
– 1816 Elections
• James Monroe
• Little opposition
– Nationalism High
– BUS re-chartered 1816
• Local banks
95. • War effort hurt
– Tariff of 1816
• Protective
– Florida
• Adams-Onis
– Rush-Bagot/Convention
of 1818
• Demilitarized
• 49th Parallel
96. • Panic of 1819
– Westward migration
– Steamships
– Wildcat
– Distrust of BUS
• McCulloch v. MD
• MO Compromise
– Whitney & LA Purchase
• Slavery forefront
• Profitable & expanding
97. – Balanced Senate
• Tallmadge Amendment
– Gradual Abolition
– Precedent?
» LA Purchase
» South too?
– Compromise by Clay
• MO/ME
• 36’36”
98. • Foreign Policy (Monroe)
– Monroe Doctrine
• Great Britain
• West closed
• US stays out of Europe
• GB motives
• Election of 1824
– Caucus
– One party
– Crawford—Clay– Adams
– Jackson
99. – Jackson wins popular
– Jackson wins electoral
• Plurality
• House
• Clay’s role
• Corrupt Bargain?
• Adam’s Presidency
– Internal improvements
– National Road
– Canals
• Erie
100. – National University?
– Naval College?
• Election of 1828
– Jackson
• Democratic Republicans
• Property qual. Dropped
– RI 1842
• Mudslinging
• Rachel
– Adams
• National Republicans
101. • Jackson’s Presidency
– King Mob– inauguration
– Spoils System
• Loyalists
• Beginnings of patronage
• Jackson & Tariff of 1828
– Inherited
– Abominations
• South manuf. little
• South sold worldwide
• Slavery?
102. • MO fires rekindled
• Denmark Vesey 1822
– SC Exposition
• Calhoun
• KY & VA Resolutions
• “Nullies”
– Tariff of 1832
– Too little
– Nullified
– Secession?
103. – Jackson… “Hang the
first”
– Clay Compromise
• 1833 Tariff
– Force Bill
– SC repealed nullification
• Nullified Force Bill
104. • Indian Removal– Trail of
Tears
– Five Civilized Tribes
• Cherokee
• Alphabet
• Sequoyah
• Slave owners
– Worcester v. GA
• Sovereign
• “John Marshall has made
his decision…”
105. – West to “save” them
– Sauk/Fox
• Blackhawk
– Seminole/Osceola
• Eaton Malaria
– Peggy wife of John
– Sec’y of War
– Floride Calhoun
– Rachel
– Cabinet resigned
106. – Martin Van Buren
– VP frontrunner
• Bank War & Election of
1832
– BUS controlled economy
– Answers to no one
– Controlled gold/silver
– Nicholas Biddle
– Clay asks for re-charter 4
years early (1832)
107. – Vetoed (as many others)
• Clay & National
Republicans
– Nomination conventions
with platforms (1st )
– First third party
• Anti-Mason
• William Wirt
• Anti-Jackson
• Morphed in with Whigs
108. • Killing the Bank
– Mandate
– Taney
– Biddle tries to create
crisis
– “Pet” banks
– More wildcats
– Specie Circular
• “Hard” currency only
• Led to another panic
109. • Whigs & Election of
1836
– King Andrew the First
– Only issue– Jackson
• South hates tariff
• North hates slavery
• Clay hates Jackson
• West lovers American
System
• Anti-Masons
– Favorite Sons– Wm.
Henry Harrison
110. • Van Buren’s Presidency
– First born in “America”
– “Machine-made”
• Other Dems resented
– Trouble in Maine
• Aroostook
• Webster-Ashburton 1842
– Abolitionism in full swing
111. – Panic of 1837
• Land spec.
• Wildcats
• Specie Circular
• Wheat crop fail
• Pet banks failed
– Government $$$
• Buren– laissez faire
• Independent Treasury Bill
– Trail of Tears 1838
– Texas