Virtualize or Containerize

Open
Source Thanks, Open Source Bridge organizers
Bridge + volunteers
Summer
2009

Open
Source
Bridge
Summer
2009

Virtualize or Containerize?

irving + andy

cyberstalk : irc / twitter/ identica: irvingpop, thesethings web: cloudest.com/slides


Open
Source Agenda
Bridge
Summer 1. Why we're here
2009 2. Act I - Virtualize or Containerize (aka "So, you're a
provider...")
1. Define and Differentiate
2. State of the Art -> dealbreakers + dealmakers
3. Act II - The Trouble with Clouds (aka "So you're
looking to buy?")
1. A Market for Lemons
2. How it's hurting consumers
3. Wouldn't it be cool if...
4. Further resources
5. Get in touch...

irc / twitter/ identica: irvingpop, thesethings web: cloudest.com/slides


Open Containerization: Now you can handle the truth
Source
Bridge
Summer Now that we all know + love
2009 virtualization, it's easier to wrap our
brains around containerization

• Reminder: Virtualization is
everywhere, even when you don't
know it.
• Amazon EC2, Xen, Vmware... Perhaps
you've heard of them?
• Containerization branding chaos.



Open
Source
Why we're here
Bridge
Summer
2009

Irving said blasphemous things
about virtualization in IRC.



Open Containerization:
Source
Bridge
Is that even a thing?
Summer
2009



Open
Rollcall
Source
Bridge
Summer Virtualization users and their admirers
2009



Open
Rollcall
Source
Bridge
Summer Containerization users and their admirers
2009



Open
Source
Act I
Bridge Virtualize vs. Containerize:
Summer
2009 Define + Differentiate
So, you're a provider...



Open
Before we begin, assumptions
Source Our focus:
Bridge    x86 Server Market
Summer    Open Source Operating Systems
2009    Open Source & Web Application stacks

Yes, we know that:
   Virtualization actually kicked off in the 1970s
    Mainframe world.
   Things are different when you bring Windows into the
   picture.

If you want to discuss Windows, Mainframes, etc, you may be at
the wrong talk.



Open
Virtualization Explained
Source Virtualization in a Nutshell:
Bridge A software technique used to separate an Operating
Summer System from Physical Resources
2009 The virtualization "host" presents a complete set of
hardware (CPU, memory, disk, devices) to the "guest",
fooling the guest into thinking it is running on real
hardware
Analogy: The Matrix

Examples
VMware (Full Virtualization)
Xen (Paravirtualization)
KVM (Paravirtualization)
Virtualbox (Full Virtualization)



Virtualization Explained
Open
Source (cont.)
Advantages:
Bridge
System Consolidation
Summer
System Protection
2009 Simplicity - Run any x86 OS!

Disadvantage:
CPU Performance
Memory Performance
IO Performance
Noticing a trend? Expensive translation
Scheduler Contention



Containerization:
Open The Difference is found in the Translation
Source
Bridge
Summer
2009
Virtualization -- much Containerization -- It's all
must be translated native



Open The Alien is the Guest, the Human is the Host
Source
Bridge
Summer
2009

*Except when you containerize, then a Human is both the Guest and Host



Containerization Explained
Open
Source Containerization in a Nutshell
Bridge Also called Operating System-level virtualization, the
Summer host and guests all share a single kernel
2009 Essentially, virtualization in user-land
Single kernel provides greater control of guests, yet
thinner separation between guests
Some ability to run different OS distributions

Examples
OpenVZ (Linux)
Linux-Vserver
FreeBSD Jails
Solaris Containers



Containerization Explained
Open
Source
(cont.)
Advantages
Bridge
Some advantages shared with virtualization (consolidation,
Summer
protection)
2009 IO and Memory Performance levels similar to native operation
CPU Scalability - no "virtual SMP" limits
Greater control over guests from the host, much finer grained
resource constraints
Much lower resource tax on the host

Disadvantages
You can only run guests which share the same
kernel/architecture
Mixed bag of "Enterprise" functionality out of the box
(automation/management consoles/clustering)



Who were Popek and Goldberg?
Open
Source Published a famous paper in 1974 called "Formal Requirements for
Bridge Virtualizable Third Generation Architectures". The fundamentals are
Summer still relevant today.
2009
Equivalence
A program running under the VMM should exhibit a behavior
essentially identical to that demonstrated when running on an
equivalent machine directly.

Resource control
The VMM must be in complete control of the virtualized resources.

Efficiency
A statistically dominant fraction of machine instructions must be
executed without VMM intervention.



Convergent Evolution
Open
Source
Bridge
Summer
2009

(Or something...)



Open
Source
Bridge
Summer
2009
What's best for you?
It depends on who you are.



How the heck do we describe ourselves?
Open
Source
Bridge
Summer • buyers?
2009 • sellers?
• administrators?
• administrator and user?!?!
• providers?
• users?
• developers?
• just need to run a dang app?



The big buckets
Open
Source
Bridge • Selling infrastructure or applications on top of
Summer infrastructure to people outside your organization
2009 • Providing infrastructure, or applications on top of an
infrastructure, within your organization/company
• Your own customer
o a dev/groups of devs managing your own
production/dev/QA server
o using an app that needs infrastructure



Rollcall
Open
Source
Bridge • Selling infrastructure or applications on top of
Summer infrastructure to people outside your organization
2009 • Providing infrastructure, or applications on top of an
infrastructure, within your organization/company
• Your own customer
o a dev/groups of devs managing your own
production/dev/QA server
o using an app that needs infrastructure

Need help? Let's help you choose...



Let's help you choose
Open
Source
Bridge You care about: "Enterprise" functionality,
Summer
2009
support, clustering, pretty dashboards.

Virtualize!



Open Let's help you choose
Source
Bridge You care about: Running many, many different x86
Summer OSes. And a wide array of virtual appliances.
2009

Virtualize!



Open
Source
Bridge You're an Infrastructure provider, and you need to run
Summer many, many instances of Linux as efficiently as
2009 possible. You understand that fitting more guests on a
host is free money.

Containerize!



Open
Source
Bridge You're a startup or indie developer on Linux, and you need
Summer to stretch every dollar. However, you want to easily add
2009 Staging/Dev environments, regression test on a wide
variety of distributions, etc. People keep telling you to
"Get a VM for that project." What do you do?

Containerize!



Open
Source
Bridge
Act II
Summer
2009
The Trouble with Clouds

So, you're a consumer of infrastructure...



The market for lemons
Open Much of what you just heard doesn't matter if you are a buyer of
Source Infrastructure services (IaaS, Cloud Computing, etc.)
Bridge
Summer The variance in technical solutions for each technology is so great
2009 that any cloud can have massive CPU, Memory, Disk or Network
limitations. Building a well-performing virtualization hosting
environment (Cloud) can be very tricky.

Because there is a lack of standardized measurement, Cloud
providers compete primarily on Price, and sometimes on features.
This could result in a downward trend of service quality as new
entrants provide cheaper and cheapened solutions.

See famous paper "The Market for Lemons" by economist George
Akerlof.



How it's hurting consumers
Open Shopping for IaaS providers makes no sense, the comparison criteria has
Source nothing to do with the Quality of the Infrastructure
Bridge • User Interface
• API
Summer • Pricing and Features
2009 • Oh yeah, and user reviews (subjective, often individual's "horror
stories")

What's worse
• IaaS services are not optimized for popular application stacks.
• The marketing makes buyers think that they can get away with out
having a real system administrator to perform setup, tuning, etc
• This is a step backward from the older models.
• Many people really just want to run Wordpress, Drupal, Rails, Django,
or other LAMP based applications in a scalable fashion.
• IaaS consumers with busy sites are finding themselves disappointed
by the performance of the solution.



Wouldn't it be cool if...
There were independent measurements and ratings for IaaS
Open providers:
Source • Compare CPU, Memory, Disk, and network performance
Bridge • Compare real-world task response times
Summer • Test complete application stacks by testing real application
2009 performances for popular tools like Django, Ruby, Drupal and
WordPress

A critical mass of communities talking about cloud stuff with
these new criteria in mind:
• Wikis
• Discussion forums
• How-to articles

Encourage vendors to be more transparent and describe their
offerings in a more meaningful way.



Further Resources
Open
Source
Bridge • Wikipedia "Virtualization" article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualization
Summer • VMware whitepaper: Understanding Paravirtualization
http://www.vmware.com/files/pdf/VMware_paravirtualization.pdf
2009 • Intel whitepaper: Hybrid
Virtualization http://www.vmware.com/files/pdf/VMware_paravirtualization.pdf
• Troubleshooting hosted Xen story:
http://wiki.xen.prgmr.com/xenophilia/2009/06/see-this-is-why-i-dont-assume.html
• Popek and Goldberg Virtualization Requirements
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popek_and_Goldberg_virtualization_requirements



Open
Get in touch
Source
Bridge Andy (Andrea)
Summer     Sysadmin in Portland, OR
2009    Cries when make fails.
    twitter/identica: thesethings
    Blog: http://www.thesethingsmattertome.com/

Irving Popovetsky
    Systems, Security and OSS consultant from Portland, OR
    Unabashed OSS nerd for nearly 15 years
    twitter/identica: irvingpop
    Blog: http://www.cloudest.com/blog/


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