The document discusses file-based systems for managing organizational data, which were used before modern database systems. File-based systems had several disadvantages, including data redundancy, data isolation, integrity problems, security issues, and concurrency access conflicts. The development of database management systems provided a new approach for storing and organizing data that helped address these issues.
helps the DBA in day to day activities
2
Security Administrator: responsible for security policies and implementation
3
Performance Tuner: responsible for tuning the database for better performance
4
Backup and Recovery Administrator: responsible for backup and recovery plans
2. Database Designer
Responsible for conceptual, logical and physical design of the database
Determines the data model, structure and constraints
Defines the schema and metadata
Works closely with the DBA and users
3. Database Programmer
Responsible for implementing the design into
Database systems are designed to manage large datasets in an organization. A database is a collection of shared information that exists over a long period of time, often many years. A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows for the efficient creation, management, and use of large amounts of persistent and shared data. The database approach emphasizes integration and sharing of data throughout an organization, with minimum duplication and program data independence. This provides benefits like improved data accessibility, reduced redundancy, and maintained data quality and integrity.
A database is a shared collection of related data used to support organizational activities. A database management system (DBMS) is a computerized data system that allows users to perform operations on a database. DBMSs can be classified based on data model (relational, hierarchical, etc.), number of users supported (single or multi-user), and database distribution (centralized, distributed, homogeneous, heterogeneous). Database users include end users, application users, application programmers, sophisticated users, and database administrators.
Database management systems have fundamentally changed how organizations work by providing a centralized repository for storing and accessing crucial information. Early databases used file systems which led to issues like data redundancy, difficulty accessing data, and integrity problems. The database approach emerged as a solution, treating data as a shared resource managed by a database administrator. A database management system provides controlled access to the database for users and application programs.
Introduction, Characteristics of Databases, File
system v/s Database system, Data abstraction and
Data Independence, DBMS system architecture,
Database Administrator (DBA), Role of DBA
Introduction to database systems
Database size and complexity
What is DBMS?
Characteristics of Database approach
Users of database
Advantages of using database system
Database systems evolution
When not to use database systems
Chap1-Introduction to database systems.pptLisaMalar
This document provides an introduction to database systems. It defines key concepts like data, information, metadata and databases. It explains that a database management system (DBMS) is software that creates and manages large databases efficiently. The document discusses limitations of traditional file processing systems and how databases address these issues through centralized data storage, standardized access, and enforcing data integrity rules. It also describes the three levels of data abstraction in databases - physical, conceptual and external schemas.
helps the DBA in day to day activities
2
Security Administrator: responsible for security policies and implementation
3
Performance Tuner: responsible for tuning the database for better performance
4
Backup and Recovery Administrator: responsible for backup and recovery plans
2. Database Designer
Responsible for conceptual, logical and physical design of the database
Determines the data model, structure and constraints
Defines the schema and metadata
Works closely with the DBA and users
3. Database Programmer
Responsible for implementing the design into
Database systems are designed to manage large datasets in an organization. A database is a collection of shared information that exists over a long period of time, often many years. A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows for the efficient creation, management, and use of large amounts of persistent and shared data. The database approach emphasizes integration and sharing of data throughout an organization, with minimum duplication and program data independence. This provides benefits like improved data accessibility, reduced redundancy, and maintained data quality and integrity.
A database is a shared collection of related data used to support organizational activities. A database management system (DBMS) is a computerized data system that allows users to perform operations on a database. DBMSs can be classified based on data model (relational, hierarchical, etc.), number of users supported (single or multi-user), and database distribution (centralized, distributed, homogeneous, heterogeneous). Database users include end users, application users, application programmers, sophisticated users, and database administrators.
Database management systems have fundamentally changed how organizations work by providing a centralized repository for storing and accessing crucial information. Early databases used file systems which led to issues like data redundancy, difficulty accessing data, and integrity problems. The database approach emerged as a solution, treating data as a shared resource managed by a database administrator. A database management system provides controlled access to the database for users and application programs.
Introduction, Characteristics of Databases, File
system v/s Database system, Data abstraction and
Data Independence, DBMS system architecture,
Database Administrator (DBA), Role of DBA
Introduction to database systems
Database size and complexity
What is DBMS?
Characteristics of Database approach
Users of database
Advantages of using database system
Database systems evolution
When not to use database systems
Chap1-Introduction to database systems.pptLisaMalar
This document provides an introduction to database systems. It defines key concepts like data, information, metadata and databases. It explains that a database management system (DBMS) is software that creates and manages large databases efficiently. The document discusses limitations of traditional file processing systems and how databases address these issues through centralized data storage, standardized access, and enforcing data integrity rules. It also describes the three levels of data abstraction in databases - physical, conceptual and external schemas.
The document discusses database management systems and their evolution. It provides details on different data models including hierarchical, network, and relational models. The hierarchical model was used in early systems but had limitations in handling many-to-many relationships. The network model addressed some of these issues but lacked standards. The relational model overcame many of the shortcomings of previous approaches and is now the most widely used, providing a simpler and more flexible way to organize data.
The document discusses traditional file systems and database management systems (DBMS). It provides an overview of traditional file systems, including their advantages and limitations. It then discusses DBMS, including its components, advantages like reduced data redundancy and improved data integrity, and limitations such as increased complexity. The document uses examples to illustrate key differences between traditional file systems and DBMS.
● Why Databases?
● Why Database Design is Important?
● The Database System Environment and Functions.
● Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus.
This document introduces the basic concepts of database management systems. It discusses the limitations of traditional file-oriented approaches and the motivation for adopting a database approach. The key aspects covered include the three views of data (logical, conceptual, physical), the components of a DBMS, and the advantages and disadvantages of using a DBMS. It provides an overview of important database concepts such as entities, attributes, schemas, and data dictionaries.
In this PPT, you will learn:
• The difference between data and information
• What a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for
decision making
• The importance of database design
• How modern databases evolved from file systems
• About flaws in file system data management
• The main components of the database system
• The main functions of a database management system (DBMS)
This document provides an introduction to fundamental concepts of database systems. It discusses what a database is and different approaches to data management, including manual, file-based and database approaches. The key benefits of the database approach are that it allows data sharing, reduces redundancy and improves data integrity. A database management system (DBMS) is software that manages databases and provides users with facilities to work with data. Major components of a DBMS include data definition language, data manipulation language and data dictionary. The document also covers database models like hierarchical and network models and roles involved in database design and use.
This document provides an introduction to database concepts. It discusses the limitations of file-based systems, including data redundancy, lack of data sharing, and inconsistent data updates across programs. These issues are addressed by the database approach, which involves centralized data storage and a database management system (DBMS) to control access. Key advantages of the database approach include data independence, reduced redundancy, improved integrity and security. The document also outlines the typical components and roles involved in a DBMS environment.
The document discusses database management systems and their importance in modern society. It provides examples of common database applications and outlines some key benefits of using a database approach, including controlling data redundancy, sharing data among users, and providing backup and recovery services. It also describes the roles of database administrators, users, and designers in working with database systems.
The document provides an overview of database management systems. It discusses how DBMSs allow for the storage, organization, and retrieval of large amounts of data through the use of databases. It describes key components of DBMSs including data models, database schemas, transactions, storage management, database administrators, and security. The document also covers different types of database users and various historical data models used in DBMS development.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems. It defines key terms like data, information, database, and record. It describes the differences between manual and computerized data processing. It explains that a database management system (DBMS) is software that manages databases and allows data to be easily accessed, managed, and updated. It then discusses the history of DBMS, common applications of databases, the data processing cycle, features of databases, types of database users, concepts of data abstraction, and database system architectures.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems and related concepts. It defines key terms like data, information, database, and record. It describes the differences between manual and computerized data processing. It then discusses traditional file-based data storage approaches and their limitations. The document introduces database management systems and their applications. It provides a brief history of DBMS and discusses the data processing cycle and the roles of different database users. Finally, it covers various database models including hierarchical, network, relational, object-oriented, and object-relational models.
The document discusses key concepts related to databases including data, information, database management systems (DBMS), database design, and entity relationship modeling. It defines data as raw unorganized facts and information as organized, meaningful data. A database is a collection of organized data that can be easily accessed, managed and updated. Effective database design involves conceptual, logical and physical data modeling to structure data and relationships. The entity relationship model uses entities, attributes, and relationships to graphically represent data structures and relationships.
Ans mi0034-database management system-sda-2012-iizafarishtiaq
The document provides information about database management systems and file systems. It discusses the differences between traditional file systems and modern database systems, describing problems with file systems like data redundancy, inconsistent data, and limited queries. Database systems aim to overcome these issues by integrating data into a centralized system for sharing, consistency, improved queries and security. The document then answers questions about disadvantages of sequential file organization and advantages/disadvantages of dynamic hashing.
Here are the key points about the application and utility of database management systems based on the article:
- Database management systems allow for efficient storage, organization and retrieval of large amounts of data. They help businesses and organizations manage their data in a centralized and structured manner.
- Teaching accounting information systems (AIS) courses effectively requires hands-on experience with database software like Microsoft Access. Simply lecturing from textbooks is not sufficient in today's environment.
- Incorporating database software into the AIS curriculum gives students practical experience building and working with databases. This helps demonstrate real-world applications of concepts like database design, queries, forms and reports.
- Hands-on learning with databases helps reinforce topics covered in A
This presentation discusses the following topics:
What is File Management System?
What is Database Management System?
File system vs Database Management System
Limitations of File Based System
Advantages of Database Management System
DBMS Environment
Examples of Database Applications
Limitation of Database Management System
The document provides an introduction to basic database terminology and concepts. It defines key terms like data, data item, entity, entity set, record, file, key, and information. It then discusses common data organization issues such as data redundancy, inconsistency, difficulty accessing data, isolation, integrity problems, and security issues that databases aim to address. It provides an overview of the difference between file systems and database management systems (DBMS), and how DBMS solutions are better suited to organizing large amounts of structured data for efficient querying and sharing across users.
The document discusses different managerial roles in information systems. A Chief Information Officer (CIO) heads the information systems function and aligns technology with organizational goals. Functional managers oversee specific functions that report to the CIO, such as systems analysis. An ERP manager maintains and implements changes to enterprise resource planning systems. Project managers are responsible for keeping IT projects on schedule and on budget. An Information Security Officer sets and enforces information security policies to protect organizational data from internal and external threats.
The document discusses database management systems and their evolution. It provides details on different data models including hierarchical, network, and relational models. The hierarchical model was used in early systems but had limitations in handling many-to-many relationships. The network model addressed some of these issues but lacked standards. The relational model overcame many of the shortcomings of previous approaches and is now the most widely used, providing a simpler and more flexible way to organize data.
The document discusses traditional file systems and database management systems (DBMS). It provides an overview of traditional file systems, including their advantages and limitations. It then discusses DBMS, including its components, advantages like reduced data redundancy and improved data integrity, and limitations such as increased complexity. The document uses examples to illustrate key differences between traditional file systems and DBMS.
● Why Databases?
● Why Database Design is Important?
● The Database System Environment and Functions.
● Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus.
This document introduces the basic concepts of database management systems. It discusses the limitations of traditional file-oriented approaches and the motivation for adopting a database approach. The key aspects covered include the three views of data (logical, conceptual, physical), the components of a DBMS, and the advantages and disadvantages of using a DBMS. It provides an overview of important database concepts such as entities, attributes, schemas, and data dictionaries.
In this PPT, you will learn:
• The difference between data and information
• What a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for
decision making
• The importance of database design
• How modern databases evolved from file systems
• About flaws in file system data management
• The main components of the database system
• The main functions of a database management system (DBMS)
This document provides an introduction to fundamental concepts of database systems. It discusses what a database is and different approaches to data management, including manual, file-based and database approaches. The key benefits of the database approach are that it allows data sharing, reduces redundancy and improves data integrity. A database management system (DBMS) is software that manages databases and provides users with facilities to work with data. Major components of a DBMS include data definition language, data manipulation language and data dictionary. The document also covers database models like hierarchical and network models and roles involved in database design and use.
This document provides an introduction to database concepts. It discusses the limitations of file-based systems, including data redundancy, lack of data sharing, and inconsistent data updates across programs. These issues are addressed by the database approach, which involves centralized data storage and a database management system (DBMS) to control access. Key advantages of the database approach include data independence, reduced redundancy, improved integrity and security. The document also outlines the typical components and roles involved in a DBMS environment.
The document discusses database management systems and their importance in modern society. It provides examples of common database applications and outlines some key benefits of using a database approach, including controlling data redundancy, sharing data among users, and providing backup and recovery services. It also describes the roles of database administrators, users, and designers in working with database systems.
The document provides an overview of database management systems. It discusses how DBMSs allow for the storage, organization, and retrieval of large amounts of data through the use of databases. It describes key components of DBMSs including data models, database schemas, transactions, storage management, database administrators, and security. The document also covers different types of database users and various historical data models used in DBMS development.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems. It defines key terms like data, information, database, and record. It describes the differences between manual and computerized data processing. It explains that a database management system (DBMS) is software that manages databases and allows data to be easily accessed, managed, and updated. It then discusses the history of DBMS, common applications of databases, the data processing cycle, features of databases, types of database users, concepts of data abstraction, and database system architectures.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems and related concepts. It defines key terms like data, information, database, and record. It describes the differences between manual and computerized data processing. It then discusses traditional file-based data storage approaches and their limitations. The document introduces database management systems and their applications. It provides a brief history of DBMS and discusses the data processing cycle and the roles of different database users. Finally, it covers various database models including hierarchical, network, relational, object-oriented, and object-relational models.
The document discusses key concepts related to databases including data, information, database management systems (DBMS), database design, and entity relationship modeling. It defines data as raw unorganized facts and information as organized, meaningful data. A database is a collection of organized data that can be easily accessed, managed and updated. Effective database design involves conceptual, logical and physical data modeling to structure data and relationships. The entity relationship model uses entities, attributes, and relationships to graphically represent data structures and relationships.
Ans mi0034-database management system-sda-2012-iizafarishtiaq
The document provides information about database management systems and file systems. It discusses the differences between traditional file systems and modern database systems, describing problems with file systems like data redundancy, inconsistent data, and limited queries. Database systems aim to overcome these issues by integrating data into a centralized system for sharing, consistency, improved queries and security. The document then answers questions about disadvantages of sequential file organization and advantages/disadvantages of dynamic hashing.
Here are the key points about the application and utility of database management systems based on the article:
- Database management systems allow for efficient storage, organization and retrieval of large amounts of data. They help businesses and organizations manage their data in a centralized and structured manner.
- Teaching accounting information systems (AIS) courses effectively requires hands-on experience with database software like Microsoft Access. Simply lecturing from textbooks is not sufficient in today's environment.
- Incorporating database software into the AIS curriculum gives students practical experience building and working with databases. This helps demonstrate real-world applications of concepts like database design, queries, forms and reports.
- Hands-on learning with databases helps reinforce topics covered in A
This presentation discusses the following topics:
What is File Management System?
What is Database Management System?
File system vs Database Management System
Limitations of File Based System
Advantages of Database Management System
DBMS Environment
Examples of Database Applications
Limitation of Database Management System
The document provides an introduction to basic database terminology and concepts. It defines key terms like data, data item, entity, entity set, record, file, key, and information. It then discusses common data organization issues such as data redundancy, inconsistency, difficulty accessing data, isolation, integrity problems, and security issues that databases aim to address. It provides an overview of the difference between file systems and database management systems (DBMS), and how DBMS solutions are better suited to organizing large amounts of structured data for efficient querying and sharing across users.
The document discusses different managerial roles in information systems. A Chief Information Officer (CIO) heads the information systems function and aligns technology with organizational goals. Functional managers oversee specific functions that report to the CIO, such as systems analysis. An ERP manager maintains and implements changes to enterprise resource planning systems. Project managers are responsible for keeping IT projects on schedule and on budget. An Information Security Officer sets and enforces information security policies to protect organizational data from internal and external threats.
This document discusses different roles that people play in creating information systems. It describes systems analysts as identifying business needs and designing systems to address them. Programmers then write the code to build the systems based on designs. Computer engineers design the underlying hardware and software technologies, with roles in hardware, software, systems integration, and networking. Creators generally have technical backgrounds in fields like computer science and mathematics.
The document discusses operating systems and their functions. It describes how operating systems manage computer hardware and software resources, provide common services to programs, and how the most common operating systems are Windows and MacOS. It provides several methods to identify the specific Windows or MacOS version running on a computer. The document also discusses the history and versions of Windows, MacOS, and Android operating systems.
This document discusses file systems and how they provide an abstraction of data storage on hardware. It defines a file system as a mapping from file names to file contents, with files being sequences of bytes. It also notes that different operating systems commonly use different file systems like FAT, NTFS, ext2/3/4, and HFS+. Hard drives and solid state drives actually store data in more complex ways at the physical level.
This document discusses computer software, including system software and application software. It describes how operating systems are a key type of system software that provides essential functions like managing hardware resources and providing a platform for applications. Popular desktop operating systems today include Windows, MacOS, Chrome OS, and Linux, while mobile operating systems include Android and iOS. The document also discusses how operating systems have evolved over time to take advantage of improvements in processing power and memory.
This document discusses downloading files from the internet. It explains that links can point to files that can be downloaded to a computer. To download a file, you can right-click the link and select "Save link as" or "Save target as." Files are often downloaded to the downloads folder by default. The document also notes that downloading files carries security risks and that one should only download files from trusted sources. It defines downloading as copying data from the internet or external storage to one's computer, while uploading is the reverse of copying to the internet or external storage.
The document discusses file management in Windows operating systems. It describes how to use the Windows File Explorer to organize and manage files and folders on a computer. Key functions covered include copying, moving, and deleting files using tools on the ribbon toolbar like Home, Share, and View tabs. It also explains how to cut, copy, and paste files between locations, and use keyboard shortcuts to perform common file management tasks.
This document discusses different types of computer hardware. It describes personal computers, laptops, mobile phones, tablets, and wearable devices. It explains how these systems have evolved over time as technology has advanced, with smartphones and mobile devices now dominating the market. The document also discusses integrated computing and how technology is being built into everyday products like homes, vehicles and appliances.
This document provides an overview of information systems and their evolution. It begins by defining key terms like data, information, and information systems. It then describes how information systems have evolved over time, starting from the mainframe era where only large organizations could afford room-sized computers, to the PC revolution bringing computers to businesses and individuals with the launch of the IBM PC. The document traces this evolution through additional stages like client-server systems and the modern Internet-connected world. It provides examples and context throughout to illustrate how information systems have transformed and taken on new roles within organizations over decades of technological advancement.
This document provides an introduction to an introductory information technology course. It outlines the course topics which include different types of computing devices, computer applications and software, data analysis, programming, ethics in technology, and information security. It describes the student learning outcomes and evaluations methods which include discussions, quizzes, assignments, exams and a presentation. Guidelines and expectations are provided around assignments, grading, attendance and communication policies.
This document discusses internet privacy, security, and netiquette. It begins by defining internet privacy and noting that privacy concerns have existed since the beginnings of computer sharing. It describes personally identifying information and how privacy relates to information collection. The document outlines risks to internet privacy like cookies and photos online. It emphasizes being careful about what personal information is submitted or posted online so as to avoid issues like identity theft, spam, or information being used by companies for targeted advertising.
The document discusses internet privacy, security, and netiquette. It provides 10 tips for staying safe online, including keeping software updated, being wary of emails from unknown sources, avoiding clicking suspicious links, realizing that free software can still pose risks, not revealing private information on social media, using unique passwords for all accounts, and enabling two-factor authentication. Following basic netiquette rules and safety tips can help users avoid threats like phishing and malware infections.
The document discusses various topics relating to internet privacy, security, and netiquette. It covers computer security and the importance of protecting systems from harm. Examples are given of different systems that are at risk of attacks, including financial systems, utilities, aviation, consumer devices, large corporations, and automobiles. Specific security issues and past attacks are described for each one.
This document provides an introduction to web development. It discusses the brief history of the internet and how it started in the 1960s between government researchers and universities. It also covers website design, including considerations like the fold and landing pages. Finally, it discusses HTML, CSS, fonts, and site maps as important aspects of web development.
The document provides an introduction to HTML and web development. It discusses what HTML is, the different versions of HTML, HTML elements and tags, how to structure an HTML document with the doctype, head, body and other tags. It also covers creating HTML files, adding images, links, and navigation to pages. The goal is to teach the basics of HTML to create simple websites and web pages.
This document discusses several roles involved in the day-to-day operations and administration of information systems, including computer operators who oversee mainframe computers and data centers, database administrators who manage organizational databases, help desk analysts who are the first line of support for computer users, and trainers who conduct classes to teach users specific computer skills. These roles work to ensure technology systems run effectively and that users can make the most of available resources.
The document discusses database security and common threats. It notes that database breaches exposing personally identifiable information increased significantly in 2013, with over 822 million records exposed. Common causes of database breaches included hacking, which accounted for over 59% of reported incidents and 72% of exposed records. Specific large breaches discussed included those affecting Adobe, Target, and the US National Security Agency. The document stresses that database security presents ongoing challenges given the emergence of new threats and no database is completely secure.
The document discusses the relational data model and databases. It introduces the relational data model, which describes data as interrelated tables. It describes key concepts in relational databases including tables, rows, columns, fields/attributes, records, domains, and degrees. It also discusses database design principles, data warehouses for analysis, and approaches to data warehouse design.
This document discusses databases and their importance in information systems. It begins by defining data, information, and knowledge, explaining how data is transformed into useful information and knowledge through organization and context. It then describes different types of databases, focusing on flat file databases and relational databases. Flat file databases store all data in one file but have limitations around data duplication, searchability, and concurrent access. Relational databases break data into normalized tables with relationships between them, addressing those limitations through their structure and use of queries. The document provides examples to illustrate key differences between the two database types.
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INT 1010 07-2.pdf
1. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
Introduction to Information Technology
INT-1010
Prof C
Luis R Castellanos
1
07.2
Databases:
Before Database Systems
2. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
2
Data and
Databases
Before
Databases
Relational
Model
Databases and
security
Database
concepts
Database
design
3. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
3
File-based System Disadvantages
Before
Databases
Database Approach
5. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
5
The way in which computers manage
data has come a long way over the last
few decades.
Today’s users take for granted the
many benefits found in a database
system.
However, it wasn’t that long ago that
computers relied on a much less
elegant and costly approach to data
management called the file-based
system.
6. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
6
One way to keep information on a
computer is to store it in permanent
files.
A company system has a number of
application programs; each of them is
designed to manipulate data files.
These application programs have been
written at the request of the users in
the organization.
New applications are added to the
system as the need arises.
The system just described is called the
file-based system.
7. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
7
Consider a traditional banking system
that uses the file-based system to
manage the organization’s data shown
in the left figure.
As we can see, there are different
departments in the bank.
Each has its own applications that
manage and manipulate different data
files.
For banking systems, the programs
may be used to debit or credit an
account, find the balance of an
account, add a new mortgage loan, and
generate monthly statements.
Personnel
Department Employees
Account
Department
Checking
Accounts
Savings
Accounts
Mortgage
Loans
Installment
Loans
Loan
Department
8. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
8
File-based System Disadvantages
Before
Databases
Database Approach
9. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
9
File-based
System:
Disadvantages
Databases
10. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
10
Using the file-based system to keep organizational information has a number of
disadvantages.
Listed below are five examples.
✓ Data redundancy
✓ Data isolation
✓ Integrity problems
✓ Security problems
✓ Concurrency access
11. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
11
Data redundancy
Often, within an organization, files and
applications are created by different programmers
from various departments over long periods of
time.
This can lead to data redundancy, a situation that
occurs in a database when a field needs to be
updated in more than one table.
This practice can lead to several problems such as:
• Inconsistency in data format
• The same information being kept in several different
places (files)
• Data inconsistency, a situation where various copies of
the same data are conflicting, wastes storage space and
duplicates effort
12. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
12
Data isolation
Data isolation is a property that
determines when and how changes
made by one operation become visible
to other concurrent users and systems.
This issue occurs in a concurrency
situation. This is a problem because:
• It is difficult for new applications to
retrieve the appropriate data, which
might be stored in various files.
13. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
13
Integrity problems
Problems with data integrity is another
disadvantage of using a file-based
system.
It refers to the maintenance and
assurance that the data in a database
are correct and consistent.
Factors to consider when addressing
this issue are:
• Data values must satisfy certain consistency
constraints that are specified in the
application programs.
• It is difficult to make changes to the
application programs in order to enforce
new constraints.
14. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
14
Security problems
Security can be a problem with a file-
based approach because:
• There are constraints regarding
accessing privileges.
• Application requirements are added
to the system in an ad-hoc manner
so it is difficult to enforce
constraints.
Ad hoc is a word that originally comes from Latin and
means “for this” or "for this situation." It is used to
describe something that has been formed or used for a
special and immediate purpose, without previous
planning.
15. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
15
Concurrency access
Concurrency is the ability of the database to allow
multiple users access to the same record without
adversely affecting transaction processing.
A file-based system must manage, or prevent,
concurrency by the application programs.
Typically, in a file-based system, when an
application opens a file, that file is locked.
This means that no one else has access to the file at
the same time.
In database systems, concurrency is managed thus
allowing multiple users access to the same record.
This is an important difference between database
and file-based systems.
16. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
16
File-based System Disadvantages
Before
Databases
Database Approach
17. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
17
Database
Approach
Databases
18. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
18
Database Approach
The difficulties that arise from using the file-
based system have prompted the development
of a new approach in managing large amounts
of organizational information called the
database approach.
Databases and database technology play an
important role in most areas where computers
are used, including business, education and
medicine.
To understand the fundamentals of database
systems, we will start by introducing some
basic concepts in this area.
19. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
19
Role of databases in business
Everybody uses a database in some
way, even if it is just to store
information about their friends and
family.
That data might be written down or
stored in a computer by using a word-
processing program or it could be
saved in a spreadsheet.
However, the best way to store data is
by using database management
software.
20. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
20
This is a powerful software tool that
allows you to store, manipulate and
retrieve data in a variety of different
ways.
Most companies keep track of
customer information by storing it in a
database.
This data may include customers,
employees, products, orders or
anything else that assists the business
with its operations.
21. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
21
The meaning of data
Data are factual information such as
measurements or statistics about objects and
concepts.
We use data for discussions or as part of a
calculation.
Data can be a person, a place, an event, an
action or any one of a number of things.
A single fact is an element of data, or a data
element.
If data are information and information is
what we are in the business of working with,
you can start to see where you might be
storing it.
22. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
22
Data can be stored in:
• Filing cabinets
• Spreadsheets
• Folders
• Ledgers
• Lists
• Piles of papers on your desk
All of these items store information,
and so too does a database.
Because of the mechanical nature of
databases, they have terrific power to
manage and process the information
they hold.
This can make the information they
house much more useful for your work.
23. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
23
This presentation and those that
follow are all about managing
information.
With this understanding of data, we
can start to see how a tool with the
capacity to store a collection of data
and organize it, conduct a rapid search,
retrieve and process, might make a
difference to how we can use data.
25. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
25
What is a file-based
data system?
1. the way in which files are named and
where they are placed logically for
storage and retrieval
2. hardcopies stored in a file cabinet
3. software that handles execution of
the multiple instruction sequences at
the same time
4. software that allows users to access
and organize small groups of data
26. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
26
File-based data system
disadvantages:
B. when a field needs to be updated in more than
one table
1. Data redundancy
2. Data isolation
3. Integrity problems
4. Security problems
5. Concurrency access
A. determines when and how changes made by one
operation become visible to other concurrent users
and systems
E. assurance that the data in a database are correct
and consistent
D. there are constraints regarding accessing
privileges and it is difficult to enforce those
constraints
C. allows multiple users access to the same record
29. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
Textbook
29
https://eng.libretexts.org/Courses/Prince_
Georges_Community_College/INT_1010%
3A_Concepts_in_Computing
Purchase of a book is not
required.
30. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
Professor C
30
castellr@pgcc.edu
eLearning Expert
BS in Systems Engineering
MS in Systems Engineering
HC Dr in Education
IT Professor | Spanish Interpreter | Spanish
Instructor
LCINT1010.wordpress.com
Presentation created in 01/2022.
Slides last updated on 03/2023
31. Introduction to Information Technology
7.2. Databases: Before Database Systems
Introduction to Information Technology
INT-1010
Prof C
Luis R Castellanos
31
07.2
Databases:
Before Database Systems