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553 what are digital libraries
- 1. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 1 What are digital libraries? Variety of perspectives and models Tefko Saracevic, Ph.D. School of Communication, Information and Library Studies Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A. tefko@scils.rutgers.edu http://www.scils.rutgers.edu/~tefko
- 2. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 2 On the scene Several different communities involved in digital libraries, each with quite different concepts, emphasis, approach, agenda Many disciplines, institutions involved national & global interest Large research projects - U.S. & abroad Many libraries investing & changing - hugely Very high significance for the future of libraries & library & information professionals
- 3. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 3 Basic problems addressed Creating means & ways for dealing with & using human knowledge records in the new digitalized AND networked world How to deal with electronic “books”, journals, publications, texts, images, sounds,? create, organize, represent, store, interact, preserve? What access & services to provide? How to effect use? Communities? AND all in a networked environment?
- 4. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 4 Problems ... Problems are technical, organizational, operational managerial, institutional social, legal, economic, cultural … Creating a new world for libraries and for organization, access, preservation & use of human knowledge records in all formats Digital revolution may be as far reaching as that created by Gutenberg & the printed book
- 5. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 5 What is a DIGITAL LIBRARY? No single, all-encompassing answer Several perspectives from different communities - different agendas Little communication among them Coherent, integrating concept, approach not yet emerged Complex problems in any approach Many experiments; many experts & “experts” Highly exiting & volatile area
- 6. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 6 Major (but only) perspectives Two major conceptualizations stressing: 1. distributed objects in various forms, distributed access, representation, operability (computer science) 2. institution, collection, services, availability (libraries) First is research perspective focus on a range of research problems, with little or no operations; “D-lib” very broadly interpreted Second is library operational perspective focus on practical problems of transforming library institutions and services, with little or no research; “D-lib” very specifically interpreted
- 7. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 7 Research perspective "Digital libraries are organized collections of digital information. They combine the structuring and gathering of information, which libraries and archives have always done, with the digital representation that computers have made possible.” Lesk, 1997 “Digital library is a managed collection of information, with associated services, where information is stored in digital formats and accessible over a network.” Arms, 2000
- 8. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 8 Library perspective “Digital libraries are organizations that provide the resources, including the specialized staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity of, and ensure the persistence over time of collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities.” Digital Libraries Federation (DLF)
- 9. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 9 Computer science, engineering Concentrating on research & development Technology centered distributed & organized knowledge resources in electronic, digital formats collect, store, organize, distribute, access, interact diverse types of information – texts, images, sounds, multimedia in many areas new kind of distributed database services to manage unstructured multimedia resources Important for infrastructure
- 10. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 10 Examples of research areas Interoperability between heterogeneous collections Data integration - text, video, sound; metadata Network protocols and standards Search engines & agents for searching, filtering, navigating, summarizing, integration Visualization & other interactive technology browsing large volumes of texts & imagery; display Scaling R&D to large collections, applications
- 11. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 11 Libraries and information science Concentrates on institutions, service, practice logical extension of libraries Content, collection centered Creation of digital collections - variety of forms Subscription, licensing, sharing of digital resources Organization, representation, storing Access to collections Guided by service mission various environments, user communities various degrees of integration - hybrid libraries
- 12. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 12 Examples of operational projects Large number in the U.S. - various institutions - e.g.: National Digital Library of the Library of Congress “provide the widest possible access to knowledge & information for educating a free society.” Numerous projects in Europe - e.g.: Library Working Group in Britain; publishers projects with National Libraries; Delos Working Group (Espirit); ERCIM consortium of institutions All have web pages & many links to projects
- 13. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 13 Digital libraries & organizations Variety of organizations built digital libraries scientific & technical societies various fields, academic units projects - institutions, consortia government agencies, international organizations Concentrate on applications & access Availability of collections in different fields New forms of publishing, housing & distribution Generally aimed at services to their communities or perceived needs
- 14. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 14 Digital libraries & business Offering various kinds of digital libraries, collections, services, information resources concentrating on markets, opportunities, niches library and non-library markets Publishers & digital publications - BIG business traditional publishers changing & new emerging providing libraries with different arrangements electronic licenses, subscription, storage, services relations between libraries & publishers drastically changing mix of new technology & new economics
- 15. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 15 Advantages: Why digital libraries? Access: brings library to users always available; better and wider delivery many libraries now possible to use Sharing: information resources; linking Timeliness: easier to keep current Searching, browsing: use of computer power Information resources: new forms possible Services: new & new forms possible Costs: may save effort, money??
- 16. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 16 Problems for libraries Integration between print and digital mixing new digital technology with print, local with global; managing diverse resources - all difficult economic trade-off decisions; new economic relations Competition for scarce resources sharpening Institutional, cultural & social adjustments not easy Bridging the digital divide Resistance, threats: guerilla warfare within and nuclear annihilation without
- 17. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 17 Economic issues Costs not insignificant - WHO PAYS? Two traditions: old - users, new (“free”) - providers Dilemma in library budgets licensing of digital publications vs. subscriptions Publishers’ economics for digital publications approaches vary, not settled, even scared even: who is a publisher? - lines blurring Economics of digital libraries still up in the air room for research & experimentation
- 18. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 18 Social issues Legal issues: copyright protection, security Individual: privacy protection; rights; obligations role in information exchanges, work, needs; life ... Organizations: integration; changing structure Traditional libraries: disappearing? changing? Education: impact on all levels; integration Computing & society: disparity between information rich & poor; digital divide; equity
- 19. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 19 General opportunities Building digital collections of national importance from existing texts, documents, images historical, educational, strategic, legislative … Creating new digital documents & linking them Cataloging Internet resources in own domain Selecting digital resources from wherever & creating & maintaining linkages Developing/adapting search engines & other management tools for digital collections
- 20. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 20 General opportunities … continued Providing access to digital collections Integrating digital & other library collections incl. integration of OPACs & library management tools Establishing services for digital libraries online access & offline support education & training of users, and librarians Addressing social, legal, policy issues Cooperative national & international ventures Making libraries more central to needs & users
- 21. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 21 Conclusions “War is too important a matter to be left to the generals.” Georges Clemenceau Digital libraries are too important to be left to any one discipline, any one agency Why? Work on digital libraries is defining the future of handling of human knowledge records Caught a lot of interest globally & politically They are also redefining the role of libraries in society & the role of librarians & inf. specialists
- 22. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 22 Conclusions … continued Digital libraries provide challenge & opportunity for cooperative & interdisciplinary ventures Provide a GREAT opportunity for many institutions to participate in many ways have room for smaller institutions & projects Digital libraries will NOT replace libraries But no matter what: libraries and information agencies cannot escape digital libraries, must change so might as well actively join the movement
- 23. © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 23
Notas del editor
- The examples of libraries and library tools from antiquity to this day show the fact that libraries are quite remarkable institutions - over millennia they played a significant role in great many civilizations and cultures. They are fundamental to collection, organization, preservation, dissemination, and use of human knowledge records. The remarkable thing that we tend to forget sometimes is that libraries maintained that role across boundaries of time, geography, cultures, historical periods, and technology. As technologies change so do libraries. Today I will be talking about a new kind of library. The digital library. A library that has just begun its evolution. But at the same time it has caught a lot of attention.
- I will take a page out of a work by the philosopher Karl Popper who said that a field is defined by the problem addressed. The basic problem addressed by research and development in digital libraries is defining how will human knowledge records be treated for the traditional & indispensable role related to collecting, organizing, preserving, disseminating, and using, but in the digitalized and networked world. What to do … Problems are not just technical … We are living through it, so it is hard to see what is going on. But it seems that this digital approach to human records is a revolution that is the same in significance as the Gutenberg innovation of printing, when he put together four skeins of technology: paper, ink, movable type, and printing press. Technology is again the tail that is wagging the whole dog.
- Includes metadata standards - what belongs on every Web page? Examples of projects on listing & storage of electronic journals: Journal Storage (JSTOR): http://www.jstor.org OCLC Electronic Collection Online: http://bart.prod.oclc.org:3050 NEWJOUR (New Electronic Journals): http://gort.ucsd.edu/newjour Professional societies examples: American Medical Association (AMA): http://www.ama-assn.org Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), Digital Library project: http://www.acm.org/dl/ Example of a commercial software system for sale for making, maintaining, and using digital libraries: HYNET Technologies, Digital Library System (DLS) for corporations and universities: http://www.hynet.com
- Library of Congress: http://www.loc.gov National Digital Library: http://lcWeb.loc.gov/loc/ndlf List of a large number of other relevant & global sites can be found in the Library of Congress site: http://lcweb.loc.gov/global/explore.html D Lib Magazine: articles about research in digital libraries: http://www.dlib.org/ List of sites by subject that maintain information in a ‘virtual library’: http://vlib.stanford.edu/Overview.html ERCIM:The European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics is an organization dedicated to the advancement of European research and development, in the areas of information technology and applied mathematics. Delos - The Digital Library Initiative of ERCIM is on: http://www.area.pi.cnr.it/ErcimDL/ Information about digital libraries from the Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval (SIGIR), of the Association for Computing Machinery: http://www.acm.org/sigir/digital_lib.html
- Cost for making & maintaining digital libraries are high. Some examples from prices that Library of Congress pays for digitizing of various materials to subcontractors are given. Libraries now have great problems in allocating limited resources between getting subscriptions to print journals or licensing electronic resources. Licenses have to be negotiated. The library models are changing from just-in-case, to just-in-time, to even just-for-you, with great economic effects Libraries and many other institutions are also becoming digital publishers. Publishers are changing from model of print-and-distribute to distribute-and-print. But how to charge & not go broke?
- After all is said and done technologically, digital libraries exist in a social context and serve a social role and are supported by society. Thus, a whole array of various issues, grouped here as social issues, arise. These include listed in the slide, but also a number of policy and political issues, addressed by legal and policy decisions. Concerns with these issues has to be incorporated, sooner or later, in R&D on digital libraries. These are even separate & large areas of R&D.
- R&D in digital libraries provides a number of various opportunities to many other institutions - universities, national and regional libraries, information services, information businesses, publishers, international agencies, software providers, and the like. The range is large. And there are examples of many of those already involved in many countries, and in international efforts. The list of opportunities for projects on the two slides is not an exhaustive list. It provides examples of efforts. Moreover, these opportunities can be combined in a number of ways to build more comprehensive projects and approaches.
- On the last opportunity (outsourcing): a number of commercial companies went into business providing services for various aspects of digital libraries. A typical example, are companies that offer facilities and service to digitize a collection at a given price per page, image etc. There are other companies that provide server and storage facilities and services for digital libraries of universities, companies etc. There are also companies that provide integrated software for digital libraries. Thus, digital libraries have also created a very lively commercial market. This provides an opportunity for libraries to shop around and avoid own development of necessary infrastructure & related services. Web examples of such services are provided in a previous slide.
- With apologies to Gerges Clemenceau who said: “ War is… Let me paraphrase in the context of digital libraries: “Digital libraries are…” In particular, digital libraries are much, much more than computer science, even though computer science work is critical for infrastructure. Why? Impact will be profound and far reaching. Thus, it is not surprising that they caused a lot of interest in many countries and internationally. But in a very fundamental way, digital libraries are also redefining the meaning of libraries, in terms of their services, access, collections, and role. Among others, a big questions are: where do the physical and the digital library meet? How do they complement each other? Who is the new professional librarian in the world of digital libraries? Who will educate such librarians?
- One of the great & challenging things about digital libraries is that they are ready made for cooperative interdisciplinary ventures. As a matter of fact, they have to be interdisciplinary ventures - otherwise they fail. Digital libraries provide opportunity for both big & small institutions. Will libraries as we no them disappear? Are they obsolete? Not at all. But they will change. Eventually, wanting or not, every library will have to address in some way or another digital aspects. So might as well be active and participate, rather than passive & just take it in. As the ancient Chinese curse said: “May you live in interesting times. “ These are interesting times for libraries of all kinds.