1. LEARNING
Date: 21 January 2013

2. Learning
 It implies a progressive change in behavior
 It involves new ways to adjust oneself to new
situations.
 It is the acquisition of knowledge, attitude and skills

3. Learning
Definition by Crow and Crow:
Learning is the acquisition of habits, knowledge and
attitudes. It involves new ways of doing things and it
operates on an individual’s attempt to overcome
obstacles or to adjust to new situation. It represents
progressive changes in behavior. It enables him to
satisfy interests to attain a goal.

4. Implications of Teaching
 Who is to teach?
 Whom to teach?
 Why to teach?
 Where to teach?
 What to teach?
 How to teach?
 When to teach?

5. Implications of Learning
Learning is interesting and effective when
 It is challenging
 There is an active involvement of students and
teachers
 The students are motivated
 Individual potentials are identified and treated
accordingly
 Feedback is provided
 It is participatory and threat free

6. Implications of learning…
Learning is interesting and effective when
 Students can transfer what he has learned, to live
situation
 Learners know their progress
 It is student centered

7. Integration of Teaching-Learning
in T-L-P
 Teacher as independent variable
 Student as the dependent variable
 Content and the strategy of presentation as
intervening variable

8. Teaching-Learning: two or three way
communication?
?

9. Major input areas for the success of
T-L Process
1. Curriculum
2. Maxims of teaching
3. Teaching methods and its selection
4. General Principles of learning and motivation
5. Teaching aids and its selection
6. Quality of a good teacher

10. 1. Curriculum
• Objectives determined, mapping of scope and
Analysis sequence, content determined
• Develop lesson plans, select instructional strategy,
Design select materials, identify management system
• Integrate learning of students, individualizing
Implementation instruction, establish learning climate, manage time…
• Select evaluation criteria, collect sample
evidence, assess in terms of goals and objective of
Evaluation
learning

11. 2. Teaching methods and its selection
i. Human factors
a) The teacher
b) The students
ii. Objective of learning
iii. Subject area
iv. Time and materials Factors

12. Teaching aids
 Teaching aids are those materials which are used by
the teacher to make learning more interesting and
understandable.
 Various types of teaching aids (resources):
Pictures Flannel Board Overhead Projector
Diagram Chalk Board Multimedia Projector
Models Flip Chart Motion Pictures
Mock-ups Charts Video Tape
Instruction Sheet Television Computers

13. Purpose of Teaching aids
 To maximize the use of senses through hearing, sight
, touch, taste and smell
 To enlarge small items for better observation
 To reduce large items for showing classroom- a
hydraulic system
 To show hidden view – a cutaway model of an
engine
 To show moving parts- show motion photography

14. Purpose of Teaching aids…
 To simplify objects in the form of diagram/models
by showing desired parts
 To supplement demonstration & explanation
 To view unavailable experience, tool, objects etc.
 To view animated effect through motion pictures
 To view difficult process through motion picture

15. Character of good teaching aids
 Simple and to the point
 Suitable and relevant to the tasks
 Meaningful and purposeful
 Large enough to be properly seen by the students
 Cost effective in terms of time and money
 Interesting and Challenging

16. Types of Teaching aids
 Written materials
 Printed materials: textbook, Handouts, journals, magazines
etc.
 Materials developed for facilitating teaching: lesson plan,
instruction sheets etc.
 Audio-visual materials:
 Transparencies, graphics/charts, pictures, films,
computer/laptops, television etc.
 Manipulative materials:
 Physically handled materials. Models, specimens,
experiments etc.