1. CTG – INTERPRET
WITH CARE
1

2. Fetal Monitoring in Labor:
Two Acceptable Methods
• Electronic • Auscultated
– In “active” labor – – Prescribed
by convention needs intervals
to be continuous – Various devices but
– High false positives one recorded
(K. Nelson 1996) number
– Variable – Easy to interpret
interpretations – Intermittent
– Acceptable for
“high” risk patients
2

3. Why Auscultation?
• Simple • Fewer C/S’s
• Well liked by • Legally less
patients damning-
interpretation
• Clear cut action/
clear
response
• Allows changing
• Improves ability to
entire environment
ambulate
in L&D
• Easier
• Decreases patient,
family, nurse and
physician anxiety 3

4. 4

5. Electronic Monitoring:
Later Outcome Nigel Paneth 1993 Clin.
Invest Med. Michigan St. Univ
• “Central hypotheses of EFM has
never been tested”
– That is, “that its use (EFM) can
effectively prevent the... brain
damaging birth asphyxia by timely
intervention in labor.”
5

6. For hypothesis to be
true: Paneth (1993)
• EFM must be reliable (inter-observer
agreement on identity and meaning)
• EFM must be valid (patterns
statistically linked with adverse
neurological events)
• EFM and adverse outcome are
related, specifically association is
• causal
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7. CRITICISMS TOWARDS CARDIOTOCOGRAPHY
• Insufficient understanding of the (patho-)physiologic
background
• A number of technical pitfalls
• Differences in recording techniques
• Primarily qualitative information (pattern recognition)
• Lack of uniform classification systems
• Confusion due to the many influences on the fetal heart
rhythm
• Substantial intra- and inter-observer variation regarding
the interpretation
• Low validity, high incidence of false-positive findings
• Primarily screening method, too often applied as a
diagnostic
• Leads to an increase in artificial deliveries
• Lack of agreement on how, when, and whom to monitor
• Contributes to medico-legal vulnerability
7

8. ARGUMENTS AGAINST
AUSCULTATION
• Hard to do!
– No, not really! • Will cause fetal
harm, or CP?
• Requires more staff
– No more so than
– Shouldn’t have to
continuous EFM
• Does not meet
May miss something?
standard of care
-Such as??
– Untrue!
• Not legally defensible
– Hardly
8

9. THEN WHY DISCUSS
CTG???
• USEFUL IN HIGH RISK CASES.
• STANDARDISED EVIDENCE
BASED GUIDELINES ARE
BEING LAID FOR CORRECT
USE,INTERPRETATION ,
FURTHER DECISION MAKING
& RECORD KEEPING.
9

10. Appropriate monitoring in an
uncomplicated
pregnancy
For a woman who is healthy and has had an
otherwise uncomplicated pregnancy,
intermittent auscultation should be
offered and recommended in labour to monitor
fetal wellbeing.
In the active stages of labour, intermittent
auscultation should occur
after a contraction, for a minimum of 60
seconds, and at least:
• every 15 minutes in the first stage
• every 5 minutes in the second stage.
. Grade A Recommendation
10

11. Indications
for the
use of
continuous
EFM
11

12. GRADE B RECOMMENDATION
Continuous EFM should be offered and
recommended for high-risk
pregnancies where there is an increased risk of
perinatal death,
cerebral palsy or neonatal encephalopathy.
Continuous EFM should be used where oxytocin is
being used for
induction or augmentation of labour.
12
REF:RCOG GUIDELINES

13. ADMISSION CTG
Current evidence does not
support the use of the
admission CTG in
low-risk pregnancy and it is
therefore not recommended
Grade B Recommendation
13

14. Selected High-Risk Indications for
Continuous Monitoring of Fetal
Heart Rate
Maternal medical illness
Gestational diabetes
Hypertension
Asthma
Obstetric complications
Multiple gestation
Post-date gestation
Previous cesarean section
Intrauterine growth restriction
Oligohydramnios
Premature rupture of the membranes
Congenital malformations
Third-trimester bleeding
Oxytocin induction/augmentation of labor
Preeclampsia
Meconium stained liquor
14

15. A Continuous EFM should be offered and
recommended in pregnancies previously
monitored with intermittent auscultation:
• if there is evidence on auscultation of a
baseline less than 110 bpm or greater 160
bpm
• if there is evidence on auscultation of any
decelerations
• if any intrapartum risk factors develop.
15

16. Definitions and descriptions of
individual features of fetal heart-
rate (FHR) traces
Baseline fetal heart rate :The mean
level of the FHR when this is stable,
excluding accelerations and
decelerations. It is determined over
a time period of 5 or 10 minutes
and expressed in bpm.
16

17. – Normal Baseline FHR 110–160 bpm
– Moderate bradycardia 100–109 bpm
– Moderate tachycardia 161–180 bpm
– Abnormal bradycardia < 100 bpm
– Abnormal tachycardia > 180 bpm
17

18. Baseline variability
The minor fluctuations in baseline
FHR occuring at three to five
cycles per minute. It is measured
by estimating the difference in
beats per minute between the
highest peak and lowest trough of
fluctuation in a one-minute
segment of the trace
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19. 19

20. ACCELERATIONS
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21. DECCELERATIONS
• EARLY : Head compression
• LATE : U-P Insufficiency
• VARIABLE : Cord compression
Primary CNS dysfn
21

22. EARLY
22

23. LATE
23

24. VARIABLE
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25. Atypical Variable
decelerations
With any of the following additional
decelerations components:
– lossof primary or secondary rise in baseline rate
– slow return to baseline FHR after the end of the
contraction
– prolonged secondary rise in baseline rate
– biphasic deceleration
– loss of variability during deceleration
– continuation of baseline rate at lower level
25

26. 26

27. Categorisation of fetal heart rate traces
Category Definition
Normal All four reassuring
Suspicious 1 non-reassuring
Rest reassuring
Pathological 2 or more non-
reassuring
1 or more abnormal
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28. REDUCED VARIABILITY
Hypoxia Drugs Extreme prematurity
Sleep CNS abno.
28

29. 29

30. TACHYCARDIA
Hypoxia Chorioamnionitis
Maternal fever B-Mimetic drugs
Fetal anaemia,sepsis,ht failure,arrhythmias
30

31. SPECIAL
PATTERNS
31

32. Sinusoidal pattern
A regular oscillation of the baseline long-term
variability resembling a sine wave. This smooth,
undulating pattern, lasting at least 10 minutes, has a
relatively fixed period of 3–5 cycles per minute and an
amplitude of 5–15 bpm above and below the baseline.
Baseline variability is absent
Associated with -
Severe chronic fetal anaemia
Severe hypoxia & acidosis
32

33. SINUSOIDAL
33

34. PSEUDOSINUSOIDAL
34

35. CHECKMARK PATTERN
35

36. SALTATORY PATTERN
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37. LAMBDA PATTERN
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38. 38

39. 39

40. SUSPICIOUS CTG
CTG CAUSE CLINICAL
PATTERN MANAGEMENT
EARLY 2nd Stage NONE
LATE Uterine Stop oxytocin
hypercontractily Consider terbutaline sc
Oxygen @ 8-10 l/min
Left lateral decubitus
VARIABLE Cord compression Consider amnioinfusion
(mild/mod v.d.)
TACHYCARD Maternal Infection screen
IA fever,tachycardia, Hydrate - crystalloids
dehydration Stop tocolysis if 40

41. PATHOLOGICAL
FETAL SCALP
STIMULATION TEST
FETAL SCALP
BLOOD Ph FETAL VIBROACAUSTIC
(If facilities available) STIMULATION TEST
41

42. A Systematic Approach to Reading Fetal Heart
Rate Recordings
• Evaluate recording--is it continuous and adequate for interpretation?
• Identify type of monitor used--external versus internal, first-generation
versus second-generation.
• Identify baseline fetal heart rate and presence of variability, both long-
term and beat-to-beat (short-term).
• Determine whether accelerations or decelerations from the baseline
occur.
• Identify pattern of uterine contractions, including regularity, rate,
intensity, duration and baseline tone between contractions.
• Correlate accelerations and decelerations with uterine contractions and
identify the pattern.
• Identify changes in the FHR recording over time, if possible.
• Conclude whether the FHR recording is reassuring, nonreassuring or
ominous.
• Develop a plan, in the context of the clinical scenario, according to
interpretation of the FHR.
• Document in detail interpretation of FHR, clinical
conclusion and plan of management.
42

43. • Prior to any form of fetal monitoring, the
maternal pulse should be
palpated simultaneously with FHR auscultation
in order to
differentiate between maternal and fetal
heart rates.
• If fetal death is suspected despite the
presence of an apparently
recordable FHR, then fetal viability should be
confirmed with realtime
ultrasound assessment.
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44. 44

45. RECORD KEEPING IN
CTG
• The date and time clocks on the EFM machine
should be correctly set
• Traces should be labelled with the mother’s
name, date and hospital number
• Any intrapartum events that may affect the
FHR should be noted contemporaneously on the
EFM trace, signed and the date and time noted
(e.g. vaginal examination, fetal blood sample,
siting of an epidural)
45

46. •Any member of staff who is asked to
provide an opinion on a trace should note
their findings on both the trace and
maternal case notes, together with time
and signature
• Following the birth, the care-giver
should sign and note the date,time and
mode of birth on the EFM trace
• The EFM trace should be stored
securely with the maternal notes at the
end of the monitoring process.
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47. SOME
INTERESTING
CASES
47

48. ACCELERATION OR DECCELERATION ???
48

49. BASELINE BRADYCARDIA WITH
ACCELERATIONS
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50. HALVING PHENOMENON
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51. EXCESSIVE VARIABILITY???
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52. GESTATIONAL DM ; NST ; 8:30am
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53. GDM ; CST ; 12 noon
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54. BLUNTED PATTERN WITH VARIABLE
DECCELERATIONS – CNS DYSFUNCTION
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55. Thank you
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