Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss and blindness. It is caused by increased fluid pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure) which can damage the optic nerve. The front of the eye produces fluid that normally drains out, but in glaucoma the fluid drainage is blocked causing pressure to rise. Glaucoma often affects older adults but can occur at any age. Risk factors include family history, age over 40, high eye pressure, diabetes, and eye injuries. Treatment options are eye drops, laser surgery, or microsurgery to improve fluid drainage from the eye.
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Genetics of glaucoma
1.
2. ‘The term glaucoma describes a group of disease that
can lead to blindness by damaging the optic nerve.’
The human eye continuously produces a fluid, called
the aqueous, that must drain from the eye to maintain
healthy eye pressure. The increased pressure, called
intraocular pressure, can damage the optic nerve,
which transmits images to the brain.
3. The front part of the eye is filled with a clear fluid
called intraocular fluid or aqueous humor, made by
the ciliary body. Proper drainage helps to maintain
normal eye pressure.
4.
5. Glaucoma most often occurs in adults over age 40, but
it can also occur in young adults, children, and even
infants. You are at an increased risk of glaucoma if you:
Are over age 40
Have a family history of glaucoma
Have poor vision
Have diabetes
Take certain steroid medications
Have had trauma to the eyes
6. Seeing halos around lights
Vision loss
Redness in the eye
Eye that looks hazy (particularly in infants)
Nausea or vomiting
Pain in the eye
Narrowing of vision
7. There are several types of glaucoma.
Open angle glaucoma
Angle closure glaucoma
Normal tension glaucoma
Secondary glaucoma
Congenital glaucoma
8. Open-angle glaucoma, the most common form of
glaucoma, accounting for at least 90% of all glaucoma
cases:
Is caused by the slow clogging of the drainage canals,
resulting in increased eye pressure
Has a wide and open angle between the iris and
cornea
Develops slowly and is a lifelong condition
Has symptoms and damage that are not noticed
10. Angle-closure glaucoma, a less common form of
glaucoma:
Is caused by blocked drainage canals, resulting in a
sudden rise in intraocular pressure
Has a closed or narrow angle between the iris and
cornea
Develops very quickly
Has symptoms and damage that are usually very
noticeable
Demands immediate medical attention
12. Also called low-tension or normal-pressure glaucoma.
In normal-tension glaucoma the optic nerve is
damaged even though the eye pressure is not very
high. it is still unknown why some people’s get
damaged their optic nerves even though they have
almost normal pressure levels.
13. It develops as secondary to, or as complications of,
other conditions, including:
cataracts
diabetes
eye trauma
eye surgery
or tumors
14. Congenital glaucoma — also referred to as Childhood
glaucoma or infantile glaucoma — occurs in babies
and young children. It is usually diagnosed within the
first year of life.
This is a rare condition that may be inherited, caused
by incorrect development of the eye’s drainage system
before birth. This leads to increased intraocular
pressure, which in turn damages the optic nerve.
15. Glaucoma is detected through a comprehensive dilated eye
exam that includes the following:
Visual acuity test: This eye chart test measures how well
you see at various distances.
Dilated eye exam: In this exam, drops are placed in your
eyes to dilate, the pupils. A special magnifying lens is use
to examine your retina and optic nerve
20. prescription eye drops:
These either reduce the formation
of fluid in front of eye or increase its outflow.
laser surgery:
Laser surgery for glaucoma slightly
increases the outflow of the fluid from the eye in
open-angle glaucoma or eliminates fluid blockage in angle-
closure glaucoma.
microsurgery:
In an operation called a trabeculectomy, a
new channel is created to drain the fluid, thereby reducing
intraocular pressure that causes glaucoma
21. Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness
There is no cure (yet) for glaucoma
Everyone is at risk for glaucoma
There may be no symptoms to warn you