1. MAJID MOHIUDDIN

2.  VIRAL INFECTIONS:
 Chickenpox and Shingles
 German Measles, Rubella
 Measles, Hard Measles, Rubeola
 Smallpox
 Warts
 BACTERIAL INFECTIONS:
 Acne
 Anthrax, Woolsorter’s Disease
 Gas Gangrene, Myonecrosis
 Leprosy, Hansen (or) Hansen’s Disease
 Staphylococcal Skin Infections (Folliculitis, Furuncles, Carbuncles, Abscesses,
Impetigo, Impetigo of Newborn, Scalded skin Syndrome)
 Streptococcal Skin Infections (Scarlet fever, Erysipeles, Necrotizing Fascilitis)
 FUNGAL INFECTIONS:
 Dermatophylosis, Tinea (Ringworm) infection, Dermatomycosis
 PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS:
 Leishmaniasis

4.  Also known as Varicella.
 Acute, Generalized viral infection with fever
mild constitutional symptoms & skin rash.
 Vesicles also forms in mucous membranes.
 Usually mild, self limiting disease but can
be severely damaging to a fetus.
 Serious complications include pneumonia.
 Secondary infection (Bacterial):
 Hemorrhagic complications & Encephalitis
Raye (Rize) syndrome
(severe encephalomylitis with liver
damage)

5.  Also known as Harpes Zoster.
 Is a reactivation of Varicella Virus.
 Often result of immunosuppression
 Inflammation of Sensory ganglia of
cutaneous sensory nerves,
producing fluid filled blisters, pain
and parasthesia (numbness &
tingling)
 Shinglesmay occur in any age, but
most common after age 50 years.

6. Etiologic/Causative
Agent
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV): Herpes Virus
(Family Herpesviridae) also known as
Herpesvirus3
Reservoirs
--- A DNA Virus
Infected Humans
Mode of Transmission
-Person to person by direct contact
-Droplet (or) airborne spread of vesicle fluid
-Secretions of the respiratory system of persons
with Diagnosis
chickenpox.
-Clinical and epidemiologic grounds.
-immunodiagnostic procedure are available.

7.  Mild, Febrile Viral disease.
 Fine, Pinkish, Flat rash begin 1 (or) 2
days after onset of symptoms.
 It starts on the face & neck & spreads to
trunk arms & legs.
 Milder disease than hard measles with
fewer complications.
 During pregnancy- may cause
congenital rubella syndrome in fetus,
this can lead to intrauterine death,
spontaneous abortion (or) congenital
malformations of major organ systems.

8. Etiologic/Causative
Agent
Rubella Virus
(Family Togaviridae)
--- A RNA Virus
Reservoirs
Infected Humans
Mode of Transmission
- By droplet spread
- (or) direct contact with nasopharyngeal
secretions of infected people.
Diagnosis
--immunodiagnostic procedure are available.

9.  An acute highly communicable viral
disease with
fever, conjunctivitis, cough, light
sensitivity, koplik spots in mouth &
red blotchy skin rash.
 Rash begins on the face on 3rd to 7th
day & then becomes generalized.
 Complications include
bronchitis, pneumonia, otitis media
& encephalitis.
 Rarely
autoimmune, subaceute, Sclerosing

10. Etiologic/Causative
Agent
Measles (Rubeola) virus
(Family Paramyxoviridae)
--- A RNA Virus
Reservoirs
Infected Humans
Mode of Transmission
- Airborne transmission by droplet spread
- (or) direct contact with nasal (or) throat
secretions of infected people.
- With articles freshly soiled with nose & throat
secretion.
Diagnosis
- Clinical & epidemiological grounds
- immunodiagnostic procedure are available.

11.  A Systemic viral infection with fever,
malaise (fatigue), headache, prostration,
severe backache, characteristic skin rash,
and occasional abdominal pain and
vomiting.
 Rash is similar to rash of chickenpox.
 The disease can become severe, with
bleeding into the skin and mucous
membranes, followed by death.
 The World Health Organization (WHO) was
able to eradicate smallpox via. A
combination of isolation of infected persons
and vaccination of others in the community.

12. Etiologic/Causative
Agent
Two strains of variola virus; Variola Minor &
Variola Major
(Family Poxviridae)
Reservoirs
--- A DNA Virus
Infected Humans was only source of the virus
Mode of Transmission
before.
- Person to Person.
- Patients are most contagious before eruption
Diagnosis
of the rash, by aerosol droplets from
oropharyngeal lesions.

13.  Many varieties of skin and
mucous membrane lesions
including common warts (
Verrucae vulgaris), venereal
warts, and Plantar warts.
 Most
are harmless, but some can
become cancerous.

14. Etiologic/Causative
Agent
At least 70 different types of Human
papillomaviruses- HPV
Genus: Papillomavirus & (Family Papovaviridae)
Reservoirs
--- A DNA Virus
Infected Humans
Mode of Transmission
- Direct contact.
- Genital warts are sexually transmitted.
- Easily spread from one area of the body to
another.
Diagnosis
- Most are not very contagious from person to
person.

16. A common condition in which
pores become clogged with dried
sebum, flaked skin and bacteria.
Leads to the formation of
blackheads and white heads
(collectively known as acne
pimples) and inflamed.
 Infectedabscesses: more
common among teenagers.

17. Etiologic/Causative
Agent
- Propionibacterium acnes
- Propionibacterium spp.
- All are anaerobic Gram+ve bacilli.
Reservoirs
Infected Humans
Mode of Transmission
- Probably not transmissible.
Diagnosis
- Clinical grounds.

18.  Anthrax can affect
the skin (cutaneous anthrax).
The lungs (Inhalation (or) Pulmonary
anthrax).
 GI tract (Gastrointestinal anthrax).
 Incutaneous anthrax depressed
blackened lesion called
ESCHARS occur.
 Inhalation & gastrointestinal
anthrax are often fatal but

19. Etiologic/Causative
Agent
- Bacillus anthracis
- A spore forming, G+ve bacillus.
Reservoirs
- Anthrax infected animals,
- Spores may be present in soil, animal hair, wool,
animal skins and hides and product made from
them.
Mode of Transmission
- By entry of endospores through breaks in skin,
inhalation of spores (o) ingestion of bacteria in
Diagnosis
contaminated meat.
- Isolation from blood, lesions (or) discharges.
- Identification using biochemical (or) enzyme based
tests.

20.  Necrosis (Tissue death) due to
ischemia (Lack of oxygen) is called
gangrene.
 Gangrene may (or may not involve
pathogens. However one type of
gangrene, called Gas gangrene
also called Myonecrosis always
involved pathogens.
 Gas released from infected
pathogens cause pockets of gas to

21. Etiologic/Causative
Agent
- Genus: Clostridium. Clostridium spp. (Clostridium
perfringens)
- Anaerobic bacteria.
- Necrotizingenzymes and toxins produced in wounds.
Reservoirs
- Mode of Transmission
Soil
- Human become infected when soil containing clostridial
spores enters an open wound.
Diagnosis
- G+ve (or) Gram variable bacilli in Gram stained smears
of wound specimens.
- Often no leukocytes are observed as they have been
killed by toxins produced by the clostridia.
- Once isolated on culture media, the spp. Can be
determined using biochemical (or) enzyme based tests.

22.  LEPROMATOUS LEPROSY:
Numerous nodules in skin; may be
involvement of the nasal mucosa
and eyes.
 TUBERCULOID LEPROSY: Few
skin lesions; peripheral nerve
involvement tends to be severe, with
loss of sensations.
 HANSEN’S DISEASE is named for
G.A. Hansen in 1873 discovered
bacillus causes leprosy.
 Occur primarily in warm, wet areas

23. Etiologic/Causative
Agent
-Mycobacterium leprae : an acid fast bacillus
Reservoirs
- Infected Humans (nasal discharges & shed from
cutaneous lesions)
Mode of Transmission
-Organism may gain entrance through respiratory system
(or) broken skin.
- It may be contagious if prolong close contact with an
infected person.
Diagnosis
- Tuberculoid form of leprosy is not contagious.
-M. leprae cannot be grown on artificial culture media.
-Can be cultured only in laboratory animals.
-Demonstration of acid fast bacilli in skin smears (or) skin
biopsy specimens

24. (Folliculitis, Furuncle, Carbuncles, Abscesses,
Impetigo, Impetigo of the new born,
Scalded Skin Syndrome)
 All infected hair follicles, boils (furuncles),
carbuncles and Stys – involve –
Staphylococcus aureus.
 Majority common skin lesions are localized,
discrete, uncomplicated.
 However, seeding of the blood stream may
lead to pneumonia, lung abscess.
 IMPETIGO: occurs mainly in children, pus
filled blisters (Pustules) may appear
anywhere on the body.
 IMPETIGO OF NEWBORN: (Impetigo

25. Etiologic/Causative
Agent
-Staphylococcus aureus : G +ve
-Impetigo may caused by G+ve (Streptococcus pyogenes)
-S. Aureus spreads through skin by producing Hyaluronidase.
-SSSS is produced by strains of S. aureus that produce
expoliative(or epidermolytic) toxin, which causes the top layer of
skin (epidermic) to split from the rest of the skin.
Reservoirs
- Infected Humans: Person with a draining lesion or any purulent
discharge are the most common sources of epidermic spread.
Mode of Transmission
-Direct contact with a person having a purulent lesion (or) is an
asymptomatic carrier.
-In hospitals spread by hands of healthcare workers.
Diagnosis
-Isolation culture media & identify by biochemical (or) enzyme
based tests. Susceptibility test must be performed because
many strains of S.aures are multi drug resistant.

26. (Scarlet Fever, Erysipelas and Necrotizing
Fasciilitis)
 STREPTOCOCCAL IMPETIGO: Usually superficial:
may proceed through vesicular pustular and encrusted
stages.
 SCARLET FEVER(SCARLATINA): wide spread pink
red rash, most obvious on the abdomen, sides of the
chest & in skin folds; severe cases may be
accompanied by high fever, nausea and vomiting.
 ERYSIPELAS: an acute cellulitis with fever
constitutional symptoms & hot, tender, red eruptions
(sometimes referred to as St. ANTHONY’S FIRE)
 NECROTIZING FASCIITIS: caused by “Flesh eating
bacteria”.
 Fasciitis is inflammation of the fascia (fibrous tissue)
that envelops the body beneath the skin; also encloses

27. Etiologic/Causative
Agent
-Streptococcus pyogenes : G +ve coccus also known as
group A beta hemolytic Streptococcus (GAS) and Strep
A – Scarlet fever is caused by Erythrogenic toxin,
produced by some strains of S.pyogenes.
-It can be complication (sequela) of untreated strep throat
(Streptococcal pharyngitis)
Reservoirs
- Mode ofHumans
Infected Transmission
-Person to Person via. Large respiratory droplets
-Direct contact with patients (or) carriers.
-Rarely by indirect contact through objects.
Diagnosis
-Isolation culture media & identify by biochemical (or)
enzyme based tests. Immunodiagnostic procedures are
available such as “Rapid strep tests”.

29.  The Dermatophytoses (Tinea
infections (or) ringworm infections)
are named in accordance with the
site of infections fungal lesions of
 The scalp (Tinea capitis)
 Groin area (Tinea crusis) or (Jock Itch)
 Trunk of the body (Tinea corporis)
 Foot (Tinea pedis (or) Athlete’s foot).
Some fungal infections cause only limited
irritation scaling & redness. Other
causes itching, swelling, blisters &
severe scaling.

30. Etiologic/Causative
Agent
-Microsporum, Epidermaphyton & Trichophyton Spp. :
Dermatophytes.
Reservoirs
- Mode ofHumans, Animals & Soil.
Infected Transmission
-Direct & indirect contact with lesions of infected humans
(or) animals, contaminated floors, shower stalls, locker
room benches, barber clippers, combs, hair brushes,
clothings.
- Spores enter through breaks in skin & moist area &
Diagnosis
germinate into filamentous growths.
-Microscopic examination of potassium hydroxide (KOH)
preparations of skin scrapings can reveal the presence
of fungal hyphae.
-Dermatophytes can culture of various media like
sabarauds dextrose agar.

32.  Cutaneous, Mucosal and Visceral
Leishmaniasis.
 The cutaneous form starts with a
papule that enlarges into a crater like
ulcer.
 Individual ulcers may coalesce.

33. Etiologic/Causative
Agent
-Various spp. Of flagellated protozoa – Genus :
Leishmania.
The motile, extracellular form is called a promastigote; The
non motile, intracellular form is called an amastigote.
Reservoirs
-Infected Humans, domestic dogs, a variety of wild
animals.
-Leishmaniasis is principally a Zoonosis & usually
Mode of Transmission of an infected sand fly.
transmitted via. The bite
Diagnosis
-By Blood transfusion & person to person contact has
been reported.
-Microscopic identification of the amastigote form in
stained preparations from aspirates & biopsies of ulcers;
seen within macrophages & close to discrupted cells.
-The promastigote form can be cultured on suitable media.

34.  When the protective skin barrier is broken
as a result of burns, puncture wounds,
surgical procedures (or) bites,
opportunistic indigenous microflora and
environmental bacteria can invade and
cause local (or) deep tissue infections.
The pathogens may spread via. Blood (or)
lymph, causing serious systemic
infections.