A. Identify a gap in the developmental psychology research presented in your chosen track. B. Develop a basic research question addressing the identified gap. C. Determine an appropriate research design that addresses your research question regarding developmental psychology and explain why it was chosen. D. Explain how you will account for issues of ethics associated with your proposed research design. E. Explain how your approach to accounting for issues of ethics was informed by your review of the research presented in your chosen track. Your will submit the completed Research Design Worksheet document with double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, one inch margins, and any sources cited in APA format. PSY 211 Research Design Worksheet Complete each section of this worksheet. You will use this worksheet to inform the Research Design section of your final project submission. Citation of Literature [Include the citation(s) of the reviewed resources in APA format.] Gap Identification [Identify a gap in the developmental psychology research presented in your chosen track. For this exercise, you will only need to focus on the articles included in this course. You are not responsible for more recent developments in the field.] Research Question [Develop a basic research question addressing the identified gap] Research Design [Some Questions to consider: · Will you conduct descriptive research, correlational research, or experimental research, and why did you make that choice? · If relevant, what are your independent and dependent variables? · How will you choose your study population? If relevant, how will you assign participants to experimental and control groups? · How long will your study last? · What types of bias might affect your study, and how will you address that?] Issues of Ethics [Explain how you will account for issues of ethics associated with your proposed research design.] PSY 211 Literature Worksheet Article One Citation of Literature Watson, S. M., Westby, C. E., & Gable, R. A. (2007). Preventing School Failure. A Framework for Addressing the Needs of Students Prenatally Exposed to Alcohol and Other Drugs, 25-33. Authors’ Claims In the introduction, the authors review how children who are prenatally exposed to alcohol and other drugs delays or effect their learning and behavoiral problems by focusing on their abilities to shifting tasks, maintaining attention, and manipulating information based off memory. They believed that if educators have a better understanding of the nature of the disorder, they may be prone to selecting more effective classroom interventions that aligns with the deficits of those students based off the various risk factors related the prenatal exposure to drugs and/or alcohol. Influence of Factors on Human Development Based off the readings from the article it is to believe that environmental factor influenced the development of this study. A lot of the studies were school-based in.

1. A. Identify a gap in the developmental psychology research
presented in your chosen track.
B. Develop a basic research question addressing the identified
gap.
C. Determine an appropriate research design that addresses your
research question regarding developmental psychology and
explain why it was chosen.
D. Explain how you will account for issues of ethics associated
with your proposed research design.
E. Explain how your approach to accounting for issues of
ethics was informed by your review of the research presented in
your chosen track.
Your will submit the completed Research Design Worksheet
document with double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman
font, one inch margins, and any sources cited in APA format.
PSY 211 Research Design Worksheet
Complete each section of this worksheet. You will use this
worksheet to inform the Research Design section of your final
project submission.
Citation of Literature
[Include the citation(s) of the reviewed resources in APA
format.]
Gap Identification
[Identify a gap in the developmental psychology research
presented in your chosen track. For this exercise, you will only
need to focus on the articles included in this course. You are
not responsible for more recent developments in the field.]

2. Research Question
[Develop a basic research question addressing the identified
gap]
Research Design
[Some Questions to consider:
· Will you conduct descriptive research, correlational research,
or experimental research, and why did you make that choice?
· If relevant, what are your independent and dependent
variables?
· How will you choose your study population? If relevant, how
will you assign participants to experimental and control groups?
· How long will your study last?
· What types of bias might affect your study, and how will you
address that?]
Issues of Ethics
[Explain how you will account for issues of ethics associated
with your proposed research design.]
PSY 211 Literature Worksheet
Article One
Citation of Literature
Watson, S. M., Westby, C. E., & Gable, R. A. (2007).
Preventing School Failure. A Framework for Addressing the
Needs of Students Prenatally Exposed to Alcohol and Other
Drugs, 25-33.
Authors’ Claims
In the introduction, the authors review how children who are
prenatally exposed to alcohol and other drugs delays or effect
their learning and behavoiral problems by focusing on their
abilities to shifting tasks, maintaining attention, and
manipulating information based off memory. They believed that
if educators have a better understanding of the nature of the
disorder, they may be prone to selecting more effective

3. classroom interventions that aligns with the deficits of those
students based off the various risk factors related the prenatal
exposure to drugs and/or alcohol.
Influence of Factors on Human Development
Based off the readings from the article it is to believe that
environmental factor influenced the development of this study.
A lot of the studies were school-based information (i.e. Surveys
completed by teachers and professionals in the education field).
The found that professionals in the education field in fact they
underserved students with special needs. They agreed on
needing more knowledge about the population of students and
more training on how to teach and modify instruction.
Historical Significance
The article’s finding affects the historical evolution of
developmental psychology because children exposed to drugs
and alcohol prenatally are predisposed to a range of
developmental problems that can negatively impacting learning.
I to believe that drugs and alcohol used by parent during the
prenatal period plays a big part in the developmental stages for
kids. Developmental psychology looks at how one thinks, feels,
and different behavior changes from birth to adolescent. Drugs
and alcohol can hinder the cognitive and social development of
a child.
Research Methods and Design
The researchers used data collected from surveys filled out my
educational professionals (general, and special education
teachers, speech-language pathologist, university faculty
members, and preschool educators). They used to determine
how well they are knowledgeable of students with disabilities
and how to properly go about modifying work. The survey
research design that was used was good because it gave
specifics on area that educators needed to work on, but it should
have included some statistics like numbers.

4. Ethics
Ethics weren’t discussed heavily in this particular study.
However, I believe the study was still conducted ethically
because those who participated in the survey participated
willingly. The article did mention that teachers had to get
parental permission to videotape students when they are
engaged in inappropriate behaviors and have them evaluate their
actions through a self-rating scale with adult guidance.
Article Two
Citation of Literature
(Mattson, Calarco, & Lang, 2006)Mattson, S. N.; Calarco, K.E.;
Lang, A.R. (2006) Focused and shifting attention in children
with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Neuropsychology, 361-
369
Authors’ Claims
The authors in this article review learning and behavioral
problems of children exposed prenatally to alcohol and other
drugs by focusing on executive-function deficits such as
difficulty shifting tasks, maintaining attention, and
manipulating information in working memory. They discuss
various risk factors associated with prenatal drug exposure so
that educators can better understand the nature of the disorder
and choose more effective classroom interventions that address
the deficits of these students.
Influence of Factors on Human Development
Based off the readings from the article environmental factor
may have played a factor in the influence of the development of
this study. There was no difference between age, socioeconomic
status with no significant difference when it comes to the basis
of sex, ethnicity or handedness. The conducted a study that
consisted of 20 children both with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum

5. Disorder and some Nonexposed Control.
Historical Significance
The article’s finding affects the historical evolution of
developmental psychology because a child that is prenatally
exposed to alcohol have the deficits in attention appearing to
exhibit consistent and heavily in visual focused activity. They
have a harder time maintaining attention over a long period of
time. What I concluded about the developmental psychology
from this article is because alcohol slows down or hinder the
cognitive development it affects the ongoing learning on a
child’s ability to successes while in school when it comes to sit
throughout an entire lesson or being able to recount back what
was taught..
Research Methods and Design
Forty children ranging from the age 9 to 14 years of age served
as participant in this study drawn from a larger study of the
teratogenicity of alcohol. For the visual and auditory focus
participants were required to manually respond to visual or
auditory targets all while ignoring visual and auditory
distractions. For shift participants (being able to move from one
thing to another) they had to respond to one after the other to
visual and auditory targets.
Ethics
Information was confirmed by maternal or collateral report or
through medical, legal, or social service records. The study was
conducted ethically because it was a one-time consent needed
by getting parent and/or guardian approval to obtain records. It
fits in with the view of ethics historically because study was
conducted by numerous of researchers along with two doctors;
one with affiliation with the University of California.
Article Three

6. Citation of Literature
Dennis, Tracy; Bendersky, Margaret; Ramsey, Douglas; Lewis
Michael (2006) Reactivity and Regulation in Children
Prenatally Exposed to Cocaine. Developmental Psychology.
688-697.
Authors’ Claims
The authors claim that children prenatally exposed to cocaine
may be at an elevated risk for adjustment problems in early
development. They addressed their questions by examining
frustration reactivity and regulation of behavior during a
problem-solving task in cocaine exposed and unexpected
preschoolers. In the end results indicated that cocaine exposed
children took longer to attempt the problem-solving task and
boys were the group that showed the most difficulties.
Influence of Factors on Human Development
The authors were trying to see the long-term psychological
effects a child would encounter if they were prenatally exposed
cocaine. Demographics and lifestyle information such as the
mother’s race, highest level of education, income, and etcetera
which influenced the study.
Historical Significance
There were no significant differences in the distributions of
cocaine exposure, gender, perinatal medical risk, or
environmental risk between participants who participated and
those who refused to continue or were lost to the study from the
neonatal period through 4.5 years of age. For over 20 years
there have study shows that prenatal exposure to drugs may
contribute to possible behavior and learning problems for
children. Those exposed to it prenatally need just as much
special attention as those who grow up in the household seeing
parent and/or guardian using drugs.
Research Methods and Design

7. This study used data collected by mothers and children
throughout a four-and-a-half-year span. For the children they
had a complete a frustration task and only the behaviors during
the frustration test were examined for measures of reactivity
and regulations. For the mom they collected data by having
mom fill out paperwork pertaining to her lifestyle, life history
and usage of drugs.
Ethics
The study was conducted ethically because the experimenter
described the study to the mother and obtained informed
consent from her as well. At the end of the 4.5-year visit, 191
mothers in total participated. Of the 67 families not seen at 4.5
years, 15 moved out of the area, 15 declined to participate at
this age, 28 could not be contacted for this age point, 1 child
and 2 mothers died, and 6 went to foster parents who refused to
participate.