2013 curriculum for pharmacy degree at unza - 2013

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University of Zambia
School of Medicine
Department of Pharmacy
Bachelor of
Pharmacy Degree
Programme
Revised Curriculum (2013)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title of Curriculum 3
Introduction 3
Vision 4
Mission Statement 4
Values 4
Aim 5
Entry Requirements 5
Progression Criteria 6
Curriculum Roadmap 7
Course Codes & Credit Units 8
Curriculum Structure 9
Curriculum Objectives 10
Curriculum Competencies 11
Second Year Courses 12
 PMY 2010: Pharmaceutics I 13
 PGY 2420: General & Metabolic Biochemistry 18
 PMY 2100: Pharmaceutical Chemistry I 25
 PGY 2020: Human Physiology 29
 HAN 2600: Human Anatomy 35
Third Year Courses 41
 PMY 3020: Pharmaceutics II 42
 PMY 3110: Pharmaceutical Chemistry II 46
 PGY 3220: General Pharmacology 50
 PMY 3300: General Pharmacognosy 55
 PTH 3010: Pathology & Microbiology 59
 PMY 3400: Pharmacy Practice - Foundation 68
Fourth Year Courses 72
 PMY 4500: Biopharmacy 73
 PGY 4230: Pharmacology & Toxicology 80
 PMY 4200: Medicinal Chemistry 85
 PMY 4410: Pharmacy Practice - Intermediate 90
 PMY 4030: Pharmaceutics III 96
 PMY 4310: Clinical Pharmacognosy 99
 PMY 4705: Research Methods, Biostatistics & Epidemiology 103
Fifth Year Courses 107
 PMY 5040: Pharmaceutics IV 108
 PGY 5240: Clinical Pharmacology 111
 PMY 5600: Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics 115
 PMY 5420: Pharmacy Practice - Professional 121
 PMY 5714: Final Year Research Project 128

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1. TITLE OF CURRICULUM
Curriculum for the Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) Degree
2. INTRODUCTION
The National Drug Policy of 1998 stated that ‘as a matter of urgency the
government shall actively support the development of a Pharmacy Programme at
University level in order to increase the output of suitably trained pharmacists’. In
response to this mandate, the pharmacy degree programme was established at the
University of Zambia, School of Medicine in 2001. The programme has been designed
to run on a 5 year training pathway starting from the School of Natural Sciences at
main campus. The programme has also been recruiting students with diploma in
Pharmacy from Evelyn Hone College into the 3rd
year of the programme after the
applicants have satisfied the required entry requirements of the University of Zambia.
The Unit of Pharmacy has since developed into a recognized Department of Pharmacy.
Since its inception, the programme has produced more than three hundred
graduates and continues to address the pharmaceutical manpower situation in
Zambia. The number of locally trained pharmacy graduates has impacted positively on
the delivery of quality pharmaceutical care. Nevertheless, the need for more
pharmacists, like for other members of the health team continues to increase thus
creating the need for an effective, optimally resourced; well functioning pharmacy
programme increasingly pertinent.
The goal of the faculty of pharmacy in the University of Zambia is to develop into
a School of Pharmacy. This will enable full expression and maturation of the various
pharmaceutical disciplines that make up pharmacy and facilitate optimal contribution of
pharmacy to the University and society at large.

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The profession of pharmacy encompasses a wide range of opportunities. The
design of the training curriculum for University of Zambia is based on those
opportunities within the profession. There will be a wide variety of subjects to be taught
that offer graduating students a wide range of career options to choose from, such as
hospital pharmacy, community pharmacy, industrial pharmacy, pharmacy management
and administration, pharmacy business, forensic pharmacy, pharmaceutical regulation
and many more. Furthermore, capable and willing graduates will proceed to higher
degrees in pharmacy to become specialists or academicians.
3. VISION
The vision of the pharmacy programme in the University of Zambia is to be a leader in
tertiary pharmacy education and research in the region by 2030.
4. MISSION STATEMENT
The mission of the pharmacy programme in the University of Zambia is to provide
excellent tertiary education and training in pharmacy in order to address the current
and emerging pharmaceutical care needs.
5. VALUES:
The value statement to guide and govern the behaviour and conduct of staff and
students in the performance of their duties is as follows:
“We will achieve our vision with: professionalism, integrity, excellence,
innovation, equity, accountability, transparency, and stakeholder involvement”.
Through this value statement, the department’s staff and students will endeavour to
exhibit and conduct themselves in a manner that is beyond reproach at all times,
especially when dealing with existing and potential clients.

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6. AIM
To produce pharmacists who possess knowledge, attitudes, skills and professionalism
to address the current and emerging pharmaceutical care needs.
7. ENTRY REQUIREMENTS
The course will be open to those with qualifications which satisfy the general University
of Zambia (UNZA) requirements from either of the two categories:
7.1. School Leavers:
7.1.1. From UNZA, Main campus, after One year of study in the School of Natural
Sciences or any equivalent.
7.1.2. Those applicants with four (4) ‘A’ levels passes including pure or combined
sciences and mathematics; 5 ‘O’ level passes or any relevant primary
undergraduate qualifications
7.2. Non-School Leavers:
7.2.1. Diploma holders in Pharmacy Technology shall be eligible for the training
programme after meeting the selection criteria as determined by the
University of Zambia.

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8. PROGRESSION CRITERIA
COURSE GRADE ACTION
PROGRESSION REGULATION
Year 2 and
Year 5
Any of them 1 D+
2 D+
Supplementary examination in courses
failed provided continuous assessment
and practicals are passed
Any of them 3 D+
1 D
Failed Supplementary
Repeat Year
Any of them 2 Ds or more
1E
Exclusion from the training programme
Year 3 and
Year 4
Any of them 1 D+
2 D+
3D+
Supplementary examination in courses
failed provided continuous assessment
and practicals are passed
Any of them 4 D+
1 D
Failed Supplementary
Repeat Year
Any of them 2 Ds or more
1E
Exclusion from the training programme

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9. CURRICULUM ROAD MAP
August September October November December January February March April May June
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December 23rd
2013- January
26th 2014
Pharmaceutics I(PMY22010) Pharmaceutic sI(PMY2010)
Second Year Pharmacy Second Year Pharmacy
STUDENTORIENTATION&
REGISTRTATION
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Tutorials
Continuous Assessments Continuous Assessments
Pharmaceutics I(PMY22010) Pharmaceutic sI(PMY2010)
Registration
STUDENTORIENTATION&
REGISTRTATION
Pharmaceutical ChemistryI(PMY 2100) Pharmaceutical ChemistryI(PMY 2100)
General & Metabolic Biochemistry(PGY 2420) General & Metabolic Biochemistry(PGY 2420)
HumanAnatomy(HAN2600) HumanAnatomy(HAN2600)
Third Year Pharmacy
Pharmaceutics II(PMY 3020)
HumanPhysiology(PGY 2020)HumanPhysiology(PGY 2020)
Third Year Pharmacy
Tutorials
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Registration
Registration
General Pharmacology(PGY 3220) General Pharmacology(PGY 3220)
PharmacyPractice- Foundation(PMY 3400)PharmacyPractice-Foundation(PMY 3400)
Tutorials
Pathologyand Microbiology(PTH3010) Pathologyand Microbiology(PTH3010)
Pharmaceutics III(PMY 4030)
Tutorials
Pharmaceutical ChemistryII(PMY 3110) Pharmaceutical ChemistryII(PMY3110)
General Pharmacognosy(PMY 3300)
Fourth Year Pharmacy
Pharmaceutic III(PMY 4030)
General Pharmacognosy(PMY 3300)
Fourth Year Pharmacy
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Medicinal Chemistry(PMY 4200)
Registration
ResearchMethods andBiostastics(PMY 4705)
Medicinal Chemistry(PMY 4200)
Clinical Pharmacognosy(PMY 4310)
PharmacologyandToxicology(PMY 4230)
Biopharmacy(PMY 4500) Biopharmacy(PMY 4500)
Pharmaceutics III(PMY 4030) Pharmaceutic III(PMY 4030)
PharmacologyandToxicology(PGY 4230)
Pharmaceutics IV(PMY 5040) Pharmaceutics IV(PMY 5040)
LabPracticals
Clinical Pharmacognosy(PMY 4310)
LabPracticals
Registration
PharmacyPractice- Intermediate(PMY 4410) PharmacyPractice- Intermediate(PMY 4410)
Fifth Year Pharmacy Fifth Year Pharmacy
Tutorials
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Clinical PharmacyandTherapeutics(PMY 5600)
Final YearProject(PMY 5714)Final YearProject(PMY 5714)
Pharmaceutics IV(PMY 5040) Pharmaceutics IV(PMY 5040)
Clinical Pharmacology(PGY 5240) Clinical Pharmacology(PGY 5240)
Registration
Tutorials Tutorials
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PharmacyPractice-professional (PMY 5420) PharmacyPractice-professional (PMY 5420)

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10.COURSE CODES AND CREDIT UNITS:
YEAR OF
STUDY
COURSE CODE CREDIT
POINTS
YEAR 1 SCHOOL OF NATURAL SCIENCES MAIN CAMPUS UNZA
YEAR 2 Pharmaceutics I
Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
General & Metabolic Biochemistry
Human Anatomy
Human Physiology
PMY 2010
PMY 2100
PGY 2420
HAN 2600
PGY 2020
3.7
4.3
4.8
4.0
3.7
YEAR 3 Pharmaceutics II
General Pharmacology
Pharmaceutical Chemistry II
General Pharmacognosy
General Pathology & Microbiology
Pharmacy Practice- Foundation
PMY 3020
PGY 3220
PMY 3110
PMY 3300
PTH 3010
PMY 3400
3.5
4.3
4.3
4.4
5.0
5.0
YEAR 4 Pharmaceutics III
Biopharmacy
Pharmacology & Toxicology
Medicinal Chemistry
Clinical Pharmacognosy
Research Methods, Biostatistics &
Epidemiology
Pharmacy Practice - Intermediate
PMY 4030
PMY 4500
PGY 4230
PMY 4200
PMY 4310
PMY 4705
PMY 4410
5.0
5.0
4.3
5.1
4.0
2.3
5.0
YEAR 5 Pharmaceutics IV
Clinical Pharmacology
Clinical Pharmacy
Pharmacy Practice - Professional
Final Year Research Project
PMY 5040
PGY 5240
PMY 5600
PMY 5420
PMY 5714
4.0
5.0
5.0
3.7
4.0

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11.CURRICULUM STRUCTURE
The Bachelor of Pharmacy is a full-time degree programme delivered over a
period of five (5) years. Courses offered in the programme are intended to equip the
graduate with essential pharmaceutical knowledge, skills, attitude and professionalism
essential for pharmaceutical care delivery as a Pharmacist. This will be done by
underscoring key concepts of drug design & manufacture, pharmaceutical
management & leadership, professional & ethical conduct, clinical & community
pharmacy practice and research in conformity with current and emerging
pharmaceutical care needs.
The first year is done in the School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia.
In the second and third year of the programme, the student is taught courses in
Dosage Form Design & Manufacture; Sources & Chemistry of Drugs; Scientific basis of
Therapeutics; and Pharmacy Practice. The fourth and fifth year of the programme focus
on student-centered learning which will include: clinical rotations, industrial & community
placements, seminars and research projects. Courses in the final year include: Clinical
Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacology, Dosage Formulation, and Final Year Research
Project.
Figure1: Structure of the Bachelor of Pharmacy Programme

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The merit of the multidisciplinary approach of the pharmacy programme allows the
graduate diversity, innovativeness and flexibility to practice effectively and specialize in
various pharmaceutical and leadership roles in the national health system and on the
global market.
12.CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES
12.1. Design pharmaceutical products
12.2. Manage the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products
12.3. Manage the pharmaceutical supply chain
12.4. Dispense medicines prescribed to the patient
12.5. Ensure the optimal and rational use of medicines
12.6. Provide pharmacists’ initiated care to the patient
12.7. Provide information and education on medicines
12.8. Promote community health
12.9. Conduct research
12.10. Demonstrate leadership and management skills
12.11. Demonstrate life-long learning
12.12. Exhibit professional and ethical conduct
13. CURRICULUM COMPETENCIES
13.1.Designs pharmaceutical products
13.2.Manages the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products
13.3.Manages the pharmaceutical supply chain
13.4.Evaluates medicines prescribed to the patients
13.5.Practices the rational use of medicines
13.6.Initiates pharmacy care to the patients
13.7.Provides information and education on medicines
13.8.Promotes community health
13.9.Demonstrates good leadership, communication and management skills

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13.10. Conducts research
13.11. Demonstrates life-long learning
13.12. Exhibits professional and ethical conduct

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1. COURSE CODE: PMY 2010
2. COURSE TITLE : Pharmaceutics I
3. INTRODUCTION
Pharmaceutics encompasses subject areas which are all associated with the steps to
which a drug is subjected towards the end of its development, that is, the stages that
follow drug discovery or synthesis, isolation and purification, and testing for the
beneficial pharmacological effects and absence of serious toxicological problems.
Pharmaceutics I deals with basic scientific principles useful in designing of dosage
forms and how they are manufactured.
4. AIM OF THE STUDY COURSE
To provide Introductory and basic science foundation in the study of Dosage Form
Design and Manufacture
5. COURSE OBJECTIVES
5.1. Describe the evolution and development of pharmaceutics
5.2. Carry out pharmaceutical calculations
5.3. Describe the laws of thermodynamics and their application in pharmacy
5.4. Explain the physical properties of matter and relate them to drug preparations
5.5. Describe physicochemical processes of pharmaceutical significance
5.6. Undertake unit processes according to pharmaceutical procedures
5.7. Explain the rheological characteristics and applications of pharmaceutical
systems.
5.8. Describe the effect of hydration and solutions on drugs
5.9. Describe colligative properties of solutions
5.10. Describe drug ionization processes
5.11. Describe factors influencing solubility of drugs in liquids
6. COMPETENCES
6.1. Describes the evolutionary development of pharmacy profession globally and
nationally
6.2. Solves pharmaceutical-based calculations in the process of pharmaceutical
care delivery services
6.3. Applies the laws of thermodynamics in applied pharmaceutical processes

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6.4. Applies physicochemical properties of pharmaceutical substances for
pharmaceutical product preparations
6.5. Identifies unit processes during pharmaceutical products manufacturing
6.6. Performs the processes of solubilization, micellization and any other liquid-
based pharmaceutical process
6.7. Applies colligative properties and other factorial attributes during liquid
pharmaceutical preparations
7. COURSE CONTENTS
7.1. Unit 1: Introduction to foundations of physical pharmacy (10 hrs)
7.1.1. General introduction to pharmaceutical process
7.1.2. Computing and pharmaceutical numeracy
7.1.3. Thermodynamics of pharmaceutical systems
7.1.4. Physical properties of matter
7.1.5. Surface chemistry properties
7.1.6. Chemical equilibrium
7.1.7. Electro-chemistry applications in pharmaceutical processes
7.2. Unit 2: Rheology (8hrs)
7.2.1. Flow of liquids
7.2.2. Newtonian fluids
7.2.3. Boundary layer laminar and turbulent flow
7.2.4. Non-Newtonian behaviour of plastics and pseudo plastic bodies
7.2.5. Dilantancy
7.2.6. Instrumentation, measurements and values
7.2.7. Application of Rheology in pharmacy
7.3. Unit 3: Colligative properties (5hrs)
7.3.1. Vapour pressure lowering
7.3.2. Elevation of boiling point
7.3.3. Freezing point depression
7.3.4. Osmotic pressure

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7.4. Unit 4: Solubility of drugs in liquids (5hrs)
7.4.1. Expression for solubility
7.4.2. Factors affecting drug solubility
7.4.3. Solubility parameters on pharmaceutical and biological processes
7.4.4. Drug solubility on pharmaceutical and biological activity
7.5. Unit 5: Pharmaceutical formulation unit processes (18hrs)
7.5.1. Heat transfer
7.5.2. Evaporation
7.5.3. Drying
7.5.4. Mixing
7.5.5. Communition
7.5.6. Filtration
7.5.7. Extraction
7.5.8. Crystallization
7.5.9. Distillation
7.5.10. Sublimation
7.5.11. Flocculation
7.5.12. Precipitation
7.5.13. Sedimentation
7.5.14. Absorption / adsorption
7.5.15. Lyophilization
8. PHARMACEUTICS I PRACTICAL TOPICS (28 HRS)
8.1. Demonstrating different types of heat transfer processes
8.2. Demonstrating evaporation process
8.3. The process of drying
8.4. Factors affecting mixing process
8.5. Communition as particle sizing method
8.6. Demonstration of filtration process
8.7. Extraction as a separation process
8.8. Crystallization
8.9. Steam distillation

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8.10. Sublimation
8.11. Flocculation
8.12. Factorial elucidation of precipitation
8.13. Sedimentation process
8.14. Operations of rheometer
9. TEACHING METHODS AND CONTACT HOURS
 Lectures - 3 hours per week
 Lab practical - 2 hours per week
 Tutorials - 1 hour per week
 Seminars – 1 hour per month
10.TOTAL NO OF HOURS 112 HRS
 Lectures: 46
 Tutorials : 30
 Lab Practical : 20
 Demonstrations: 8
 Seminars: 8
11.CREDIT UNITS: 3.7
12.METHOD OF ASSESSMENT
 Continuous Assessment: 40%
o Tests: 20%
o Assignments: 10%
o Seminar presentations: 5%
o Lab practical reports: 5%
 Final Examination: 60%
o Written examination 50%
 Paper I - Multiple choice questions
 Paper II - Short answer and essay type questions
o Practical examination 5%
o Viva 5%

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13.PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
13.1. Physical Pharmacy, 4th
edition, Martin, Alfred
13.2. Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy; 3rd
Ed. 2004, D. Attwood and A. T.
Florence, Churchill Livingstone
13.3. Pharmaceutical Sciences of Dosage Form Design, 2nd
edition, 2001, Aulton
M.
13.4. Ansell’s Pharmaceutical Dosage forms and Drug Delivery Systems, 8th
edition, 2004, Allen Lloyd
13.5. Physiological Pharmaceutics. 2nd
Edition, Neena Washington et al, (2003),
ISBN 0-748-40610-7
14.RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
14.1. Pharmaceutical Handbook; 10th
Ed., 1985, British Pharmaceutical Press
14.2. British Pharmaceutical Codex; 11th
Ed., 1979, The Pharmaceutical Press,
London
14.3. British Pharmacopoeia; 1990, University Press, Cambridge
14.4. Pharmaceutical Calculations, 4th
edition, Zatz, Joel
14.5. International Pharmacopoeia; 1992, University Press, Cambridge
14.6. Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st
Ed., 1997, The Pharmaceutical
Press, London
14.7. Pharmaceutical Sciences of Dosage Form Design, 2nd
edition, 2001, Aulton
M.
14.8. Pharmaceutical Dosage forms and Drug Delivery Systems, 8th
Edition, 2004,
Allen Lloyd
14.9. Pharmaceutical and Clinical Calculations, 2nd
Edition, Mansoor A, Khan and
Indra K, Reddy (2000), ISBN 1-56676-8122-8

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1. COURSE CODE: PGY 2420
2. COURSE TITLE : General & Metabolic Biochemistry
3. INTRODUCTION
General and Metabolic Biochemistry is a foundation course that guides the
students into the basics of biological systems. It offers insight into the fundamentals of
the structure and function of the important biomolecules of living organisms. The course
builds on the knowledge of the synthesis and metabolism of these biomolecules. The
contribution of each type of biomolecule with regards to enzymatic activity, energy
production, genetic information transfer and chemical and hormonal communication and
regulation is also covered in this course.
The course gently eases the students into nutritional and clinical biochemistry as
well as laying an appreciation of the variety of pharmacologically useful chemical
components of plants. Students are also trained in a variety of basic biochemistry based
laboratory skills.
To enable the students to have a basic understanding of the structure, function and
metabolism of biomolecules and carry out basic biochemical techniques
5.1. Illustrate the properties of water
5.2. Describe the structure of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and
vitamins.
5.3. Explain the catalytic action, enzyme kinetics and the clinical importance of
enzymes
5.4. Conduct basic biochemical techniques including electrophoresis,
chromatography and colorimetry.
5.5. Illustrate various pathways of energy metabolism
5.6. Explain the link between energy metabolism and synthetic pathways of the
cell
5.7. Describe the basic metabolism of nitrogenous compounds including nucleic
acid and protein synthesis
5.8. Outline the basic aspects of hormones

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5.9. Illustrate the different roles of biomolecules for human nutritional
biochemistry
5.10. Describe the phytochemicals components of plants of potential medicinal
value
6. COURSE COMPETENCIES
6.1. Illustrates the properties of water
6.2. Describes the structure and function of biomolecules
6.3. Illustrates the various pathways of energy metabolism
6.4. Outlines the salient features of hormones
6.5. Applies nutritional biochemistry knowledge to nutritional support pharmacy
6.6. Describes the biological requirements of phytochemicals elements from
natural sources
6.7. Conducts biochemical lab techniques
7. COURSE CONTENTS
7.1. Unit 1: Introduction to general biochemistry (1 HRS)
7.2. Unit 2: Properties of water (4 HRS)
7.2.1. Non-covalent bonds
7.2.2. Interactions with other biomolecules
7.2.3. ph and physiological buffer
7.3. Unit 3: Biomolecules (22 HRS)
7.3.1. Amino acids and peptides: classification, structure and properties
7.3.2. Proteins: structure and functions
7.3.2.1. Enzymes: properties and classification, catalytic mechanisms,
kinetics, regulation, inhibition, and role in clinical diagnosis
7.3.2.2. Haemoglobin and myoglobin
7.3.2.3. Collagen and elastin
7.3.2.4. Molecular motors
7.3.3. Carbohydrates: classification, structure and functions
7.3.4. Lipids: classification, structure and functions
7.3.5. Nucleotides and nucleic acids: classification, structure and functions

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7.3.6. Vitamins
7.3.6.1. Water soluble vitamins: structure and functions
7.3.6.2. Fat soluble vitamins: structure and functions
7.4. Unit 4: Metabolic Pathways (31 HRS)
7.4.1. Bioenergetics
7.4.1.1. Gibbs free energy change
7.4.1.2. Redox reactions
7.4.1.3. High energy compounds
7.4.2. Glycolysis
7.4.2.1. Reactions of the pathway
7.4.2.2. Energy generation
7.4.2.3. Regulation of glycolysis
7.4.3. Fate of Pyruvate
7.4.3.1. Aerobic metabolism
7.4.4. Anaerobic metabolism
7.4.4.1. Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
7.4.4.2. Tricarboxylic acid cycle reactions
7.4.4.3. Catabolic role
7.4.4.4. Anabolic role
7.4.4.5. Regulation of the Tricarboxylic acid cycle
7.4.5. Electron Transport Chain
7.4.5.1. Overview
7.4.5.2. Sequence of electron transport and carriers
7.4.5.3. Oxidative phosphorylation
7.4.5.4. Inhibitors of electron transport chain
7.4.5.5. Uncouplers
7.4.5.6. Regulation of the electron transport chain
7.4.6. Glycogen Metabolism
7.4.6.1. Glycogen synthesis
7.4.7. Glycogen breakdown
7.4.7.1. Role of hormones in glycogen metabolism

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7.4.7.2. Regulation of metabolism
7.4.8. Gluconeogenesis
7.4.8.1. Significance
7.4.8.2. Gluconeogenesis reactions
7.4.8.3. Hormonal control
7.4.8.4. Blood sugar control
7.4.9. Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMS)
7.4.9.2. HMS reactions
7.4.9.3. Changes of the HMS under different cellular conditions
7.4.9.4. Tissue specific activity of the HMS
7.4.10. Uronic Acid Pathway
7.4.10.1. Pathway reactions
7.4.11. Amino Acid Metabolism
7.4.11.1. Synthesis
7.4.11.2. Catabolism: carbon chain, amino group, urea formation
7.4.11.3. Disorders of amino acid metabolism
7.4.12. Lipid Metabolism
7.4.12.1. Lipolysis and β-oxidation
7.4.12.2. Ketogenesis
7.4.12.3. Lipid biosynthesis
7.4.13. Metabolism of Nucleotides
7.4.13.1. Synthesis and breakdown of purine nucleotides
7.4.13.2. Synthesis and breakdown of pyrimidine nucleotide
7.4.13.3. Disorders of nucleotide metabolism
7.4.14. Haem Metabolism
7.4.14.1. Haem synthesis
7.4.14.2. Haem breakdown
7.4.14.3. Bilirubin metabolism

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7.5. Unit 5: EXPRESSION AND TRANSMISSION OF GENETIC INFORMATION
(8 HRS)
7.5.1. Metabolism of Nucleic Acids
7.5.1.1. DNA synthesis
7.5.1.2. RNA synthesis
7.5.1.3. Disorders of nucleic acid synthesis
7.5.2. Protein Synthesis
7.5.2.1. Transcription
7.5.2.2. Translation
7.5.2.3. Peptide bond formation and chain elongation
7.5.2.4. Post translational modification
7.6. Unit 6: HORMONES (2 HRS)
7.6.1. Classification
7.6.2. Biosynthesis
7.6.3. Mechanism of action
7.7. Unit 7: INTRODUCTORY CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (10 HRS)
7.8. Unit 8: INTRODUCTORY NUTRITIONAL BI0CHEMISTRY (10 HRS)
7.8.1. Introduction to nutrition
7.8.2. Nutrients and dietary sources
7.8.3. Nutrition and health
7.9. Unit 9: PHYTOCHEMICALS: THE CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF PLANTS
(10 HRS)
8.0. BIOCHEMISTRY PRACTICAL/DEMONSTRATION TOPICS (30 HRS)
8.1.1.1. The determination of pH using indicators
8.1.1.2. Citric acid-potassium citrate mixtures as buffer solutions
8.1.1.3. The separation of lipids by thin layer chromatography
8.1.1.4. Reactions for proteins and amino acids
8.1.1.4.1. Biuret Test
8.1.1.4.2. Ninhydrin Reaction
8.1.1.4.3. Xanthoproteic Test
8.1.1.5. Millon’s Test (Cole’s Test)

23
8.1.1.6. Aldehyde Test for Indole Nucleus (Hopkin-Cole Test)
8.1.1.6.1. Sakaguchi Test for Guanidino group
8.1.1.6.2. Sulphur Test for cystine and cysteine
8.1.1.6.3. Pauley’s Test for Histidine and Tyrosine
8.1.1.7. Molisch Test for Carbohydrate group
8.1.1.8. Test for Organic Phosphorous
8.1.1.9. Solubility and serum content of cholesterol
8.1.1.10. Amylase in serum (Hydrolysis of starch)
8.1.1.11. Determination of total serum protein and albumin-globulin ratio
8.1.1.12. Non-protein nitrogen compounds in blood and urine
8.1.1.13. The effect of pH and temperature on enzyme activity
8.1.1.14. The determination of the ‘optimum’ temperature of α-amylase
8.1.1.15. Biological oxidation and electron transport.
9.0. TEACHING METHODS AND CONTACT HOURS
 Lectures: 3 hours per week
 Lab practical: 3 hours per week
 Tutorials: 1 hour every other week
 Demonstrations: 1 hour per week
10.0. TOTAL NO OF HOURS 148 HRS
 Lectures : 98
 Tutorials: 20
11.0. CREDIT UNITS: 4.8
12.0. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT
o Tests: 30%
o Assignments: 5%
o Lab practical reports: 5%
o Written Examination: 50%

24
 Paper II - Short answer and essay type questions
o Practical Examination: 5%
o Viva: 5%
13.0. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
13.1 David A, Alexander TF (2008) 1st
Edition. Physical Pharmacy,Pharmaceutical
Press. ISBN 978 0 85369 725 1
13.2 David A, Alexander TF (2006), 4th
Edition. Physicochemical Principles of
Pharmacy, Churchill Livingstone. ISBN: 0-85369-608-X.
13.3 Neena W, Clive W and Clive GW (2003), 2nd
Edition. Physiological
Pharmaceutics, Tailor & Francis. ISBN 0-748-40610-7.
14.0. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
14.1. Aulton M (2005), 2nd
Edition. Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form
Design, Churchill Livingstone Press. ISBN: 0-443-05550-5.
14.2. Lloyd VA, Nicholas GP and Howard CA (2010), 9th
Edition. Pharmaceutical
Dosage forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
14.3. Mansoor AK, Indra KR (2000), 2nd
Edition. Pharmaceutical and Clinical
Calculations, CRC Press. ISBN 1-56676-8122-8
14.4. British Pharmacopoeia, 2013, University Press Cambridge,
ISBN:9780113229321.
14.5. The International Pharmacopoeia (2011), 4th
Edition. University Press,
Cambridge.
14.6. Sean CS (2009), 36th
Edition. Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia,
Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN: 9780853698401.

25
2. COURSE TITLE: Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
3. INTRODUCTION
The course is focused at laying a strong foundation in the fundamentals of analytical,
physical, inorganic and organic chemistry suitable for the study of medicinal and
pharmaceutical sciences. Spectroscopic methods for chemical analysis are also
introduced.
To provide a foundation in the fundamentals of physical, inorganic and organic
chemistry suitable for the study of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Sciences
5.1. Describe the principles and applications of chemical thermodynamics,
reaction kinetics, electrolyte conductance, laws of electrolysis and the
concept of photochemistry.
5.2. Interpret the periodic table and atomic structure (including the transition
elements) and apply the principles to other pharmaceutical systems
5.3. Carry out qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis in inorganic
compounds
5.4. Illustrate the importance of quality concepts such as accurate, precision
5.5. Define the structure and nomenclature of various organic
compounds/substances
5.6. Describe the configurational and conformational structures of organic
compounds
5.7. Describe various physical methods of analysis using emission and absorption
electromagnetic radiation.
5.8. Describe the application of physical methods of measurement using emission
and absorption of electromagnetic radiation.
5.9. Obtain and interpret analytical assay data to the approved standards in the
country

26
6. COURSE COMPETENCIES:
6.1. Explains the thermodynamics of chemical reaction processes in any
pharmaceutical undertaking
6.2. Interprets the arrangement of a periodic table atoms in terms of atomic
kinetic energies attributed to each pharmaceutical reaction process
6.3. Distinguishes the configuration and conformational structures of organic
compounds
6.4. Performs both quantitative and qualitative analytical procedure in any
pharmaceutical undertaking
6.5. Applies and employs any official quality analytical technique appropriate for
pharmaceutical assays
7. COURSE CONTENTS:
7.1. Unit 1: Physical and Inorganic chemistry (32 HRS)
7.1.1. Introduction to Chemical thermodynamics
7.1.2. Theory of chemical analysis
7.1.3. Introduction to Reaction Kinetics
7.1.4. Electrochemistry
7.1.5. Phytochemistry
7.1.6. Atomic structure, properties and pharmaceutical applications of chemical
agents/elements
7.2. Unit 2: Organic Chemistry (22 HRS)
7.2.1. Introduction to organic chemistry
7.2.2. Isomerism: Configurational and conformational
7.2.3. Other organic compounds: Alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers and epoxides,
carboxylic acids, aldehydes and ketones, functional derivatives of
carboxylic acids, carbon ions, amines and aryl halides
7.3. Unit 3: Spectroscopic methods of chemical Analysis (16 HRS)
7.3.1. General nature of electromagnetic radiation
7.3.2. Spectrophotometry methods
7.3.3. Absorption spectroscopy
7.3.4. Thermal methods of analysis

27
8. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL/DEMONSTRATION TOPICS
(30 HRS)
8.1. Inorganic Preparations
8.2. Qualitative and Quantitative Estimations / Analysis / Titrations
8.3. Chemical Kinetics
8.4. Gravimetric analysis
8.5. Refractometry analysis
8.6. Polarimetry
8.7. Conductimetry
8.8. Raw materials identification
8.9. Titrimetric versus spectrometric analytical procedures of Ferrous Sulphate
8.10. Other analytical methods
 Demonstrations – 1 hour per week
10.TOTAL NO. OF HOURS 130 HRS
 Lectures - 70
 Lab Practical - 20
 Tutorials – 22
 Demonstrations - 10
 Seminars - 8
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT:
o Tests: 20%
o Assignments: 10%
o Lab reports: 5%

28
o Written examinations: 50%
 Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
 Paper II - Long essay type of questions
o Practical examination: 10%
13. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
13.1. Hede PD, Beier S,P (2007). 3rd
Edition. Inorganic and Applied Chemistry.
Ventus Publishing Aps. ISBN 978-87-7681-221-9.
13.2. Caims D. (2008). 3rd Edition. Essentials of Pharmaceutical Chemistry.
Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978 0 85369 745 9
13.3. Kealey D, Haines P.J. (2005), Illustrated. BIOS Instant notes in Analytical
Chemistry. Garland Science. ISBN 0-203-64544-8
14. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
14.1. Mendham J, Denney R.C., Barnes J.D.,Thomas M.J.K. (2000). 6th Edition
Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis. G.H. Prentice Hall.
ISBN 978-0582226289.
14.2. Ebbing DD, Steven D, Gammon (2010). 9th Edition. General Chemistry.
Charles Hartford. ISBN-10: 0-618-85748-6
14.3. GoldbergD.E. (2007). 5th
Edition. Fundamentals of Chemistry. The
McGraw−Hill Companies. 978-0072828504.
14.4. Graham Solomons T.W. Fryhle CB. (2012).,10th
Edition, Organic Chemistry.
John Wiley & Sons, inc (ASIA) Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-81-265-3687-0

29
1. COURSE CODE: PGY 2020
2. COURSE TITLE: Human Physiology
3. INTRODUCTION
The course enables the student to have an understanding of structure and function
of cells, physiology of nerve and muscle, synaptic and functional transmission and
function of blood and lymph. Furthermore, it will enable students understand the
normal functioning of all the body systems.
4. AIM OF THE COURSE:
To enable the students to have an understanding of physiologic functioning of the
body systems
5.1. Describe cellular physiology including haematology
5.2. Describe various parts and functions of the nerves
5.3. Describe transmission at synapses
5.4. Discuss the importance of homeostasis
5.5. Discuss the morphological and functional characteristics of the different types
of muscles
5.6. Describe the structure and function of the conduction system of the heart
5.7. Record and interpret electrocardiogram (ECG)
5.8. Describe gas transport, regulation of respiration
5.9. Describe the structure and function of a nephron and renal blood supply
5.10. Explain the tubular handling of various substances in terms of filtration, re-
absorption and secretion
5.11. Outline the effects of hormones on different organs
5.12. Describe the mechanisms that regulate hormonal secretion and features of
diseases caused by excess or deficiency of each hormone.
5.13. Describe the structure and functions of the central and autonomic nervous
systems.
6. COMPETENCES
6.1. Analyses the function of different types of cells
6.2. Applies knowledge of synaptical and functional transmission

30
6.3. Describes the different type of blood cells
6.4. Discusses the morphology and function of different type of cells
6.5. Describes the structure and function of the conduction system of the heart
6.6. Describes the gas transport, regulation of respiration, and respiratory
adjustment in health and disease
6.7. Describes the structure and function of the nephron and the renal blood
supply
6.8. Explains the tubular handling of various substances in terms of filtration,
reabsorption and secretion
6.9. Outlines the effect of hormones on different organs
6.10. Describes the mechanism that regulate hormonal secretion
6.11. Describes features of the diseases caused by excess or deficiency of each
hormone
6.12. Explains the different parts of CNS and ANS
7. COURSE CONTENT
7.1. Unit 1: CELL PHYSIOLOGY (4 HRS)
7.1.1. Body fluid compartments and solutes
7.1.2. Movement of substances between compartments
7.1.3. Physiology of the cell
7.2. Unit 2: PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVE (4 HRS)
7.2.1. Ionic processes, excitation and conduction
7.2.2. Nerve fibre, type and function.
7.3. Unit 3: SYNAPTIC AND FUNCTIONAL TRANSMISSION (4 HRS)
7.3.1. Transmission, Synaptic Transmission
7.3.2. Electrical Events at Synapses
7.3.3. Neuro-Muscular Transmission
7.4. Unit 4: PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLE (4 HRS)
7.4.1. Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac Muscle
7.4.2. Contractile Process
7.4.3. Metabolism and Energy Sources

31
7.5. Unit 5: BLOOD (6 HRS)
7.5.1. Bone marrow and development of cells
7.5.2. Blood cells
7.5.3. Haemoglobin
7.5.4. White Blood Cells (Immune defence mechanism)
7.5.5. Platelets
7.5.6. Composition of plasma
7.5.7. Blood Types and cross match
7.5.8. Blood Clotting Mechanisms and fibrinolysis
7.6. Unit 6: GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM (6 HRS)
7.6.1. Outline of the digestive system
7.6.2. Digestion in the mouth
7.6.3. Motility
7.6.4. Secretion in the Mouth
7.6.5. Digestion in the stomach and Motility
7.6.6. Secretion in the stomach
7.6.7. Digestion in the small intestine and Motility
7.6.8. Secretion in the small intestines
7.6.9. Pancreatic secretions
7.6.10.Biliary secretions
7.6.11.Digestion in the large intestines and Motility
7.6.12.Secretion in the large intestines
7.6.13.Digestion and Absorption
7.6.14.Nutrients
7.6.15.Water and elements
7.7. Unit 7: PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (6 HRS)
7.7.1. General organization of the cardiovascular system
7.7.2. Conducting system of the heart
7.7.3. Cardiac cycle
7.7.4. Blood Pressure
7.7.5. Regulation

32
7.8. Unit 8: RESPIRATION (6 HRS)
7.8.1. Mechanics of respiration
7.8.2. Lung volumes and capacities
7.8.3. Gas transport between the lungs and tissues
7.8.4. Regulation of respiration
7.9. Unit 9: RENAL PHYSIOLOGY (6 HRS)
7.9.1. Anatomy
7.9.2. Formation of Urine
7.9.3. Regulation
7.9.4. Micturition
7.10.Unit 10: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (8 HRS)
7.10.1.Definition of Hormone
7.10.2.Mechanism of Hormone Action
7.10.3.Hypothalamic hormones and their functions
7.10.4.Pituitary Gland Hormones and Functions
7.10.5.Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Gland
7.10.6.Adrenal Gland
7.10.7.Pancreas and Diabetes
7.10.8.Hormonal control of the male and female reproductive system
7.11.Unit 11: AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ITS CONTROL (4 HRS)
7.11.1.Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System
7.11.2.Autonomic Functions
7.11.3.Functions of the Hypothalamus
7.12.Unit 12: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (6 HRS)
7.12.1. Introduction of Central Nervous System
7.12.2. Physiology of Pain
7.12.3. Somatic Motor Function
7.12.4. Hypothalamus
8. HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICALS/DEMONSTRATIONS (28 Hours)
8.1. Thermo regulation
8.2. Transport across the cell membrane

33
8.2.1. Count the blood cells, estimate the haemoglobin, determine packed cell
volume/haematocrit, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and blood grouping
and cross-matching
8.3. Measure the arterial blood pressure and heart rate and the effects on body
position, venous pressures, examine the venous valves, and auscultate for the
heart sounds
8.4. Measure pulse rate
8.5. Position electrodes, record and interpret results
8.6. Measure the respiratory rate, rhythm and the variations in different activities.
8.7. Measure the respiratory volumes and calculate the lung capacities using the
spirometer
8.8. Measure pH, glucose, urea (nitrite), blood, bilirubin, urobilinogen and ketones
in urine using Laboratory sticks
8.9. Measure the specific gravity of urine by the urine dilution and concentration
tests.
8.10.Measure the basal metabolic rate (BMR) under ideal and other conditions.
8.11.Tests urine for early diagnosis of pregnancy
8.12.Examine reflexes (stretch or tendon, cutaneous or superficial, corneal and
conjunctival) in patients.
8.13.Test abnormalities of the special senses (taste, smell, hearing, and vision).
 Lectures: - 3 hours per week
 Lab practicals: - 2 hours per week
 Demonstrations - 1 hour per week
10.TOTAL NUMBER OF HOURS: 112 Hours
 Lectures: - 64 Hours
 Lab practicals: - 20 Hours
 Tutorials - 20 Hours
 Demonstrations - 8 Hours

34
12.METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
 Continuous Assessment - 40%
o Tests 20%
o Assignments 10%
o Lab reports 10%
 Final Examinations 60%
 Paper II - Long essay type of questions
o Viva 5%
13.PRESCRIBED READINGS
13.1. Barett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks H. (2012). 24th
Edition. Ganong’s
Review of Medical Physiology. Mc Graw Hill Medical. 978-0071780032.
13.2. Matusiak D (2013). 2nd
Edition. Mosby’s Anatomy and Physiology Study
and Review cards. Elsevier Health Sciences. 978-0323187268.
14.RECOMMENDED READINGS
14.1. Wagh A, Grant A. (2010).Ross and Wilson’s Anatomy and Physiology in
Health and Illness. Churchill Livingstone. 978-0702032271.
14.2. Hall JE (2010). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology.
Saunders. 978-1416045748.

35
1. COURSE CODE: HAN 2600
2. COURSE TITLE: Human Anatomy
3. INTRODUCTION
Human Anatomy develops detailed knowledge of the structure, function and
composition of organs, tissues, cells and body fluids. This course is an introduction to
histology, general embryology and gross anatomy. It is specifically designed to
introduce students to the basic structure and function of normal cells, tissues, organs
and organ systems as an essential prerequisite to understanding normal body function,
pathology and disease processes. The course covers a breadth of body systems whilst
retaining sufficient depth to make a mechanistic study meaningful. Relevant clinical
examples are used to emphasize the teaching of Anatomy.
To equip the student with basic knowledge, competences and approaches necessary
for the study of the structure of the human body
5. OBJECTIVES
5.1. Identify on a living subject, by inspection and palpation, the position and
relation of major anatomical structures.
5.2. Identify gross anatomical structures on a cadaver.
5.3. Relate gross anatomical structures to their histological structure and their
embryology.
5.4. Correlate anatomical structures to their function
5.5. Identify disordered anatomical structures and functions
6. COMPETENCIES
6.1. Identifies on a living subject, by inspection and palpation, the position and
relation of major anatomical structures.
6.2. Identifies cadaver gross anatomical structures on a cadaver.
6.3. Relates gross anatomical structures to their histological structure and their
embryology.
6.4. Correlates anatomical structures to their function
6.5. Identifies disordered anatomical structures and functions

36
7. COURSE CONTENT
7.1. Unit 1: Principles of Anatomy (2 HRS)
7.1.1. Hierarchy of organization
7.1.2. Anatomical position and descriptive nomenclature.
7.2. Unit 2: Cytology (4 HRS)
7.2.1. Structure of the cell
7.2.2. Cell division
7.2.3. Spermatogenesis
7.2.4. Oogenesis.
7.3. Unit 3: Fundamentals of Embryology (6 HRS)
7.3.1. Ovulation to Implantation (first week of development)
7.3.2. Gastrulation and Early Development
7.3.3. Derivatives of Germ layers and Establishment of Body Form
7.4. Unit 4: Epithelial & Connective Tissue (4 HRS)
7.4.1. Covering epithelia
7.4.2. Glandular epithelia
7.4.3. Cells, Fibres
7.4.4. Extracellular substance
7.4.5. Classification of connective tissues
7.5. Unit 5: Skeletal structures (4 HRS)
7.5.1. Bones & Cartilage
7.5.2. Joints (Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial)
7.6. Unit 6: Muscle Tissue (3 HRS)
7.6.1. Skeletal muscle
7.6.2. Cardiac muscle
7.6.3. Smooth muscle
7.7. Unit 7: Nerve Tissue (3 HRS)
7.7.1. Development of nerve tissue
7.7.2. Structure of cells of the nervous system
7.7.3. Divisions of the nervous system
7.8. Unit 8: Blood (3 HRS )

37
7.8.1. Formed elements & Haematopoiesis
7.9. Unit 9: Blood Vascular System (Heart, Major Arteries, Veins,
Lymphatics) (4 HRS)
7.9.1. Gross appearance
7.9.2. Histological appearance
7.10. Unit 10: Respiratory System (4 HRS)
7.10.1. Gross appearance, blood supply, nerve supply, and lymphatic drainage
7.10.3. Lungs & Thoracic cage
7.11. Unit 11: Abdominal Wall (5 HRS)
7.11.1. Muscles
7.11.2. Vessels
7.11.3. Nerves
7.11.4. Inguinal canal and hernia
7.12. Unit 12: Alimentary System (6 HRS)
7.12.3. Blood supply
7.12.4. Venous drainage
7.12.5. Nerve supply
7.12.6. Lymphatic drainage
7.13. Unit 13: Immune System (2 HRS)
7.14. Unit 14: Urinary System (2 HRS)
7.14.1. Gross appearance, blood supply, nerve supply, and lymphatic drainage
7.15. Unit 15: Reproductive System (5 HRS)
7.15.1. Male reproductive system: Gross & Histological appearance, blood supply,
nerve supply, and lymphatic drainage

38
7.15.2. Female reproductive system: Gross & Histological appearance, blood
supply, nerve supply, and lymphatic drainage
7.15.3. Pelvic floor muscles in relation to parturition
7.16. Unit 16: Endocrine System (3 HRS)
7.16.1. Gross appearance, blood supply, venous drainage, nerve supply,
lymphatic drainage
7.17. Unit 17: Head & Neck (4 HRS)
7.17.1. Gross appearance of skull, muscle groups (strap, mastication, facial
expression, blood vessels, lymph, nodes, nerves)
7.18. Unit 18: Neuroanatomy (8 HRS)
7.18.1. Brain
7.18.2. Principal parts (cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum)
7.18.3. Blood supply
7.18.4. Protective coverings
7.18.5. Ventricles and CSF flow
7.18.6. Spinal Cord
7.18.7. Protective structure (meninges, vertebral column)
7.18.8. External appearance
7.18.9. Internal appearance (grey and white matter)
7.18.10. Tracts
7.18.11. Ascending
7.18.12. Descending
7.18.13. Cranial Nerves
8. PRACTICAL LABORATORY EXERCISES
8.1. The emphasis on laboratory practical exercises in this course will be placed
on the examination of histological sections.
8.2. Blood cell morphology
8.3. Blood vascular system
8.4. Lymphatic system
8.5. Connective tissue

39
8.6. Bone and cartilage
8.7. Muscular tissue
8.8. Nerve tissue
8.9. Respiratory system
8.10. Integumentary system
8.11. Alimentary system
8.12. Urinary system
8.13. Immune system
8.14. Male and female reproductive system
8.15. Endocrine glands
8.16. Central nervous system, eye and ear
9. TEACHING METHODS & CONTACT HOURS
 Lectures - 3 hours/week
 Tutorials - 1 hour/week
 Lab practicals - 2 hours/week
10.TOTAL NO. OF HOURS = 122 hours
 Lectures: 72 Hours
 Tutorials: 20 Hours
 Lab practicals: 30 Hours
12. ASSESSMENT METHODS
 Continuous Assessment 40%
o Tests 20%
o Assignments 10%
o Vivas 5%
o Lab reports 5%
 Examination 60%
o Written Examination 50%
 Paper II - Short answer & Long essay type of questions

40
13. PRESCRIBED TEXTBOOKS
13.1. Abrahams, P.H , Boon, J. M and Spratt, J. D (2008). McMinn's Clinical Atlas
of Human Anatomy, 6th edition. Mosby-Elsevier, London. ISBN 978-08089-
2318-3
13.2. Mescher, A (2010) Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, 12th
Edition, McGraw Hill-
Lange, London. ISBN: 978-07-163020-7.
13.3. Saddler, T.W. Ed. (2009). Longman’s Medical Embryology, 11th
Edition.
Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. ISBN 9780781790697
13.4. Tortora, G.J and Grabowski, S.R (2011). Principles of Anatomy and
Physiology, 13th
edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York. ISBN 13:
9780470565100.
14. RECOMMENDED REFERENCES
14.1. Drake, R. J, Vogl, W and Mitchell, A. W. M (2004). Gray’s Anatomy for
students, 1st
Edition, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. ISBN-13: 978-
0443066122.
14.2. Iles, R and Doherty, S (2012). Biomedical Sciences: Essential Laboratory
Medicine. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. ISBN: 978 04709974
14.3. Michael H. Ross, M. H and Wojciech, P. (2006). Histology: A Text and Atlas:
With Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
London, ISBN 0781767903
14.4. Moore, K.L and Persaud, T. V. N (2008). The Developing Human: Clinically
oriented Embryology, 8th
Edition. Saunders-Elsevier, Philadelphia. ISBN: 13
9781416037064
14.5. Roper, N., Ed. (1987). Pocket Medical Dictionary. 19th
Edition, Churchill-
Livingstone/ISE, Edinburgh. ISBN: 0-443-03954-2.

42
2. COURSE TITLE: Pharmaceutics II
3. INTRODUCTION:
The Pharmaceutics II course deals with the physical and chemical properties of
pharmaceutical systems. The understanding of physicochemical properties of systems
is vital for the design and manufacturing of dosage forms.
4. AIM OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To understand the basic physicochemical properties of pharmaceutical systems
5. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
5.1. Describe the properties of polymeric and colloidal systems in pharmaceutical
formulations
5.2. Describe the sterilization processes
5.3. Describe the solubilization process as compounding component
5.4. Describe all possible pharmaceutical dosage forms that can be compounded
5.5. Analyze the effects of Radiopharmacy in pharmaceutical systems
6.1. Describes the polymeric and colloidal characteristics of pharmaceutical
products
6.2. Describes the sterilization process for sterile production lines
6.3. Describes the solubilization process as a compounding component
6.4. Applies principles of solubilization in compounding process
6.5. Describes and distinguishes various pharmaceutical dosage forms that are
available on the market
6.6. Analyzes radiopharmaceutical substances and dosage forms that are
available on the market
7. COURSE CONTENTS:
7.1. UNIT 1: Polymeric Systems (4 HRS)
7.1.1. Introduction and definitions
7.1.2. Properties of polymeric systems
7.1.3. Types and chemical reactions
7.1.4. General, pharmaceutical and medical uses

43
7.2. UNIT 2: Sterile Systems (8 HRS)
7.2.1. Properties
7.2.2. Sterilization methods or types
7.2.3. Sterilization techniques, equipments and products
7.2.4. Design and operations of sterile rooms
7.2.5. Uses of sterilization
7.2.6. Sterility testing
7.2.7. Stability evaluation of specific sterile products
7.3. UNIT 3: Solubilization studies (5 HRS)
7.3.1. Determination of maximum additive concentration
7.3.2. Location of solubilisate
7.3.3. Factors affecting solubilization
7.3.4. Pharmaceutical application of solubilization
7.4. UNIT 4: Pre-formulation (10 HRS)
7.4.1. Characterization of pharmaceutical formulations
7.4.2. Solubility analysis
7.4.3. Stability Testing / Analysis
7.5. UNIT 5: Pharmaceutical Technology (14 HRS)
7.6. UNIT 6: Drug Development (5 HRS)
7.7. UNIT 7: Recombinant DNA Technology and Formulation (10HRS)
7.7.1. Biotechnology and Bioethics
7.7.2. Protein and Peptide Drug Delivery
7.7.3. Vaccine Delivery
7.8. UNIT 8: Radiopharmaceutical Systems (8 HRS)
7.8.1. Properties of ionizing particles
7.8.2. Radiation phenomena
7.8.3. Radiological safety and precautions
7.8.4. Applications of radio-pharmaceuticals
8. PHARMACEUTICS II PRACTICAL/DEMONSTRATION TOPICS (18 HRS)
8.1. Preparation of polymeric pharmaceutical systems
8.2. Preparation of sterile systems

44
8.3. Identification of radioactive substances
8.4. Preparation & location of solubilisate in micelle solution using a tracer
8.5. Preparation of solubilized pharmaceutical solutions
8.6. Demonstrations of Unit Processes involved in Tablet & Capsule Technology
 Seminars - 1 hour per month
 Demonstrations - 1 hour per month
10. TOTAL NO. OF HOURS 105 HRS
 Lectures : 64
 Tutorials : 26
 Seminars : 8
11. CREDIT UNITS: 3.5
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT :
o Tests: 20%
o Assignments: 10%
o Lab reports: 5%
o Seminars: 5%
 Examination: 60%
o Written Examination 50%
- Paper I – Multiple Choice type questions
- Paper II – Short answer & Essay type questions
o Practical Examination 5%
o Viva 5%

45
13.1. Alton M (2005), 2nd
Edition. Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form
Design, Churchill Livingstone Press. ISBN: 0-443-05550-5.
13.2. Alexander TF (2011), 5th
Edition. Physicochemical Principles of
Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN-10-1-4200-6566-1
13.3. Kulshreshtha AK, Singh ON, Wall G.M (2010). Pharmaceutical Suspensions,
Springer New York. ISBN 978-1-4419-1086-8
13.4 Winfield AJ, Richards RME (2004) 2nd
Edition. Pharmaceutical Practice, Churchill
Livingstone Press. ISBN: 9780443072062
14 RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
14.1 Shayne CG (2008). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook, John-Wiley &
Sons. ISBN: 978-0-470-25958-0.
14.2 British Pharmaceutical Codex; 11th
Ed., 2012, The Pharmaceutical Society of
Britain. ISBN-10: 1231104635
14.3 British Pharmacopoeia, 2013, University Press Cambridge,
ISBN:9780113229321.
14.4 Sean CS (2009), 36th
Edition. Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia,
Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN: 9780853698401

46
2. COURSE TITLE: Pharmaceutical Chemistry II
3. INTRODUCTION
The course is designed to introduce candidates to methods of preparation of various
organic compounds and their relevance in the preparation of pharmaceutical products.
Methods for determining pharmaceutical product quality are also introduced.
4. AIM OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To describe the chemistry of various organic compounds, their relevance in medicine
and pharmaceutical science, and methods available for determining pharmaceutical
product quality
5.1. Define the structure and nomenclature of various organic compounds
5.2. Describe the structure of benzene and other ring structured systems
5.3. Describe the general methods of preparations for both biological and
pharmaceutical applications
5.4. Describe the general and physical aspects of organic compounds
5.5. Explain the reaction kinetics involving organic compounds
5.6. Describe the rearrangement of neighboring group effects of non-classical ions
5.7. Describe heterocyclic organic compounds and their relevance in medicine
and pharmaceutical science
5.8. Describe various methods available for determining pharmaceutical product
quality
5.9. Describe the synthetic pathways for various chemical substances and
propose reasonable mechanism for the reaction
6. COURSE COMPETENCES
6.1. Defines the structure and nomenclature of various organic compounds
6.2. Describes the structure of benzene and other ring structured systems
6.3. Compares the general methods of preparations for both biological and
pharmaceutical applications
6.4. Distinguishes the general and physical aspects of organic compounds

47
6.5. Explains the reaction kinetics involving organic compounds
6.6. Describes the rearrangement of neighboring group effects of non-classical
ions
6.7. Relates the heterocyclic organic compounds to their relevance in medicine
and pharmaceutical science.
6.8. Relates parameters available for describing quality product to the various
methods available for determining pharmaceutical product quality
6.9. Undertakes synthetic pathways for the manufacturing of drug molecules and
proposes a reasonable mechanism for a given chemical reaction
7. COURSE CONTENTS:
7.1. Unit 1: Benzene chemistry (8 HRS)
7.2. Unit 2: Heterocyclic aromatic compounds (6 HRS)
7.3. Unit 3: Five member rings: Pyrrole, furan and thiophene (6 HRS)
7.4. Unit 4: Heterocyclic analogues of naphthalene with one heteroatom: Indole,
quinoline and iso-quinoline (6 HRS)
7.5. Unit 5: Compounds with two heteroatoms (14 HRS)
7.5.1. Five member rings: Pyrazole and imidazole
7.5.2. Six member rings: Pyrimidines
7.5.3. Seven member and larger rings: Diazepines
7.6. Unit 6: Rearrangements and neighbouring group effects (6 HRS)
7.6.1. Hoffman rearrangements
7.6.2. Rearrangement of hydroperoxides
7.6.3. Pinal rearrangements
7.7. Unit 7: Polynuclear aromatic compounds (6 HRS)
7.7.1. Derivatives of naphthalene
7.7.2. Anthracene
7.7.3. Phenanthrene
7.8. Unit 8: Radiochemistry (8 HRS)
7.9. Unit 9: Chromatographic methods (6 HRS)
7.9.1. Thin Layer Chromatography
7.9.2. Gas Liquid Chromatography

48
7.9.3. High Performance Liquid Chromatography
7.9.4. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
7.10. Unit 10: Quality assurance (QA) of pharmaceuticals (4 HRS)
7.10.1. Establishing quality of pharmaceutical formulations
7.10.2. Quality specifications
8. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY II PRACTICAL/DEMONSTRATION TOPICS
(30 Hrs)
8.1. Refractometry analysis
8.2. Identification processes of organic compounds
8.3. Synthetic process
8.4. Chromatographic separation methods
8.5. Demonstrative procedures in radiochemical setting
8.6. Illustrations of Standard Quality Specifications
10. TOTAL NO. OF HOURS: 130 HRS
 Lectures: 70 HRS
 Lab Practical: 20 HRS
 Tutorials: 22 HRS
 Demonstrations: 10 HRS
 Seminars: 8 HRS
11. TOTAL CREDIT UNITS: 4.3
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT:
o Tests: 20%
o Assignments: 10%
o Lab reports: 5%

49
o Written Examinations 50%
 Paper II - Long essay type questions
13.1. McMurrv J. (2008). 7th
Edition. Organic Chemistry. Brooks/Cole.ISBN,-13:
9780495116288
13.2. Lednicer D. (2008). The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis Vol 7. Wiley.
ISBN 9780470107508
13.3. Organic Chemistry Laboratory Techniques, 5th Edition, Arthur Israel ISBN
0582462363
14.1. March J, Smith M.B., (2007). Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions,
Mechanisms, and Structure 6th
Edition. 978-0-470-46259-1
14.2. Bleil R.E. (2005). Organic Chemistry Laboratory Manual.
14.3. Li J.J., Limberakis C., Pflum D.A.(2007). Modern Organic Synthesis in the
Laboratory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518798-4; 978-0-19-
518799-1
14.4. Johnson D, Li J. (2007). Organic chemistry - The Art of Drug Synthesis.
Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-75215-8

50
2. COURSE TITLE: General Pharmacology
3. INTRODUCTION
Pharmacology is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and
chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. Pharmacology deals
with the research, discovery, and characterization of chemicals which show biological
effects and the elucidation of cellular and organismal function in relation to these
chemicals.
4. AIMS OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To provide a solid foundation in the fundamental concepts of pharmacology
5.1.Describe the development of pharmacology and therapeutics
5.2.Describe the basic principles of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
5.3.Perform basic experiments elaborating the fundamental principles of
pharmacology
5.4.Explain the molecular mechanisms of drug action
5.5.Describe the mechanisms of action, uses and side effects of major drugs in
various systems of the human body.
6.1. Describes the development of pharmacology
6.2. Describes the principles of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
6.3. Performs basic pharmacological experiments
6.4. Explains molecular mechanism of drug action
6.5. Characterises the mechanisms of action, uses and side effects of major drugs
in various systems of the human body.
7. COURSE CONTENT
7.1. UNIT 1: General Principles of Pharmacology (8 HRS)
7.1.1. Introduction to Pharmacology and Therapeutics
7.1.2. Basic aspects of Pharmacodynamics
7.1.3. Basic aspects of Pharmacokinetics
7.1.4. Molecular mechanisms of drug action

51
7.1.5. Basic concepts of Pharmacogenetics
7.2. UNIT 2: Systemic Pharmacology (40 HRS)
7.2.1. Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System
7.2.2. Introduction to Autonomic Nervous System
7.2.3. Cholinergic System and Drugs
7.2.4. Adrenergic System and Drugs
7.2.5. Drugs acting on Autonomic Ganglia
7.2.6. Muscle Relaxants and neuro-muscular blocking agents.
7.2.7. Drugs acting on Respiratory System:
7.2.7.1. Antitussives
7.2.7.2. Nasal decongestants
7.2.7.3. Asthma drugs
7.2.8. Drugs acting on the Kidney:
7.2.8.1. Diuretics
7.2.8.2. Vasopressin
7.2.9. Drugs acting on Cardiovascular system:
7.2.9.1. Hypertension
7.2.9.2. Congestive heart failure
7.2.9.3. Ischaemic heart disease
7.2.9.4. Cardiac arrhythmia
7.2.9.5. Hyperlipidemia
7.2.10. Drugs acting on Gastrointestinal System:
7.2.10.1. Constipation and Diarrhoea
7.2.10.2. Nausea and vomiting
7.2.10.3. Peptic ulcer disease
7.2.10.4. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
7.2.10.5. Irritable bowel syndrome
7.2.11. Drugs acting on the Endocrine System:
7.2.11.1. Hypothalamic factors and pituitary hormone
7.2.11.2. Drugs used in thyroid disorders
7.2.11.3. Parathyroid hormones and drugs used for metabolic bone disorders

52
7.2.11.4. Anti-diabetic agent
7.2.11.5. Adrenocorticoids
7.2.12. Drugs acting on Central Nervous System:
7.2.12.1. Mechanisms of drugs acting on central nervous system
7.2.12.2. Drugs used in the management of affective disorders
7.2.12.3. Anti-psychotics
7.2.12.4. Hypnotics and Anxiolytics
7.2.12.5. Anti-epileptics
7.2.12.6. Drugs prone to abuse
7.2.12.7. General and Local anaesthetic agents
7.2.12.8. Opioid analgesics
7.2.12.9. Drugs used in the management of migraine headache
7.3. UNIT 3: Inflammation and Allergy (4 HRS)
7.3.1. Drugs used to suppress inflammatory and immune reactions
7.3.2. Drugs used in the management of Rheumatoid arthritis and Gout
7.4. UNIT 4: Blood (4 HRS)
7.4.1. Drugs that affect haemostasis and thrombosis
7.4.2. Drug used in management of anemia
7.5. UNIT 5: Chemotherapy (14 HRS)
7.5.1. Clinically relevant general issues relating to chemotherapy
7.5.2. Bacterial agents
7.5.3. Anti-fungal agents
7.5.4. Anti-protozoal agents
7.5.5. Anti-helminthic agents
7.5.6. Anti-retyroviral agent
7.5.7. Anti-mycobacterial agents
7.5.8. Anti-malaria agents
7.5.9. Anti-cancer agents

53
8. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY I PRACTICAL/DEMONTRATIONS TOPICS
(30HRS)
8.1. Routes of drug administration
8.2. Dose response curves and dose ratios
8.3. Isolated tissue studies
8.4. Fate of drugs : e.g. aspirin test
8.5. In vivo studies for analgesics
8.6. Plus maze test
8.7. Individual variations to drug response
8.8. Unknown drug identification
 Demonstrations- 1 hour per week
10. TOTAL NO. OF HOURS 130 HRS
 Lectures: 70
 Lab Practical :20
 Tutorials : 22
 Seminars: 8
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT
o Tests: 20%
o Assignments: 10%
o Laboratory Reports: 5%

54
o Written examination: 50%
 Paper I: Multiple choice questions
 Paper II: Short answer type & essay type questions
o Vivas: 5%
o Practical examinations: 5%
13.1. Katzung BG. (2011). 12th
Edition. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Mc Graw
Hill, Medical Publishing Division. New York. ISBN: 978-0-07-1764018
13.2. Rang HP, Dale M.M. Ritter J.M. Moore P.K. (2012). 7th
Edition.
Pharmacology. Churchill Livingstone. UK. ISBN 978-0-7020-3471-8.
14.1. Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL. (2010). 12th
Edition. Goodman & Gilman’s
‘The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics’,. Mc Graw Hill. Medical
Publishing Division. ISBN 0-07-142280-3.
14.2. Tripathi KD. (2008). 6th
Edition. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. Jaypee
Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. New Delhi. ISBN 81-8448-085-7.
14.3. Neal M.J. (2012). 7th
Edition. Medical Pharmacology at a Glance. Wiley-
Blackwell. UK. ISBN -13- 978-040657898.

55
2. COURSE TITLE: General Pharmacognosy
3. INTRODUCTION:
This course introduces the student to the science and application of therapeutically
active components of plants and other natural sources
4. AIMS OF THE STUDY COURSE
To provide an understanding of drugs obtained from plants and other natural sources
and their active medicinal components
5.1. Identify plants of pharmaceutical significance
5.2. Discuss the principles related to the commercial production of natural plants
5.3. Describe the phytochemistry of plants of medicinal value
5.4. Describe the pharmacological activities of drugs of natural origin
5.5. Identify the indigenous existing medicinal plants in the country
5.6. Identify the different groups of pharmaceutically active substances
5.7. Isolate active components of natural sources of drugs
5.8. Analyse the structures of different groups of pharmaceutically active
ingredients from plant sources
5.9. Demonstrate alkaloid production in artificial culture
5.10. Justify the use of drugs of natural origin
5.11. Appreciate the indigenous medicinal products
6. COURSE COMPETENCES
6.1. Identifies plants of pharmaceutical significance
6.2. Isolates active components of natural sources of drugs
6.3. Describes the principles of commercial production of natural plants
6.4. Describes the phytochemistry of plants of medicinal value.
6.5. Identifies the indigenous existing medicinal plants in the country
6.6. Describes the pharmacological activities of drugs of natural origin
6.7. Analyse the mascroscopic structures of different groups of pharmaceutically
active ingredients
6.8. Demonstrate alkaloid production in artificial culture

56
6.9. Justifies the use of drugs of natural origin
6.10. Appreciates the indigenous medicinal products
7. COURSE CONTENTS:
7.1. UNIT 1: Natural Sources and Products (8 HRS)
7.2. UNIT 2: Anatomy & Physiology of medicinal plants (20 HRS)
7.3. UNIT 3: Commercialization of natural products (8 HRS)
7.4. UNIT 4: Plant Phytochemistry (4 HRS)
7.5. UNIT5: Chemistry and activities of drugs of biological origin (12 HRS)
7.6. UNIT 6: Lysine-derived Alkaloids (6 HRS)
7.7. UNIT 7: Natural Products (4 HRS)
7.8. UNIT 8: Chemistry and pharmacological activities of drugs of biological
origin (10 HRS)
8. GENERAL PHARMACOGNOSY PRACTICAL/DEMONSTRATION TOPICS
(30HRS)
8.1. Physicochemical evaluation sessions for identified therapeutical agents from
leaves and tops, herbs, barks, wood, flowers, fruits and seeds
8.2. Separation of therapeutic agents from the natural sources for formulation
Chemical structure determination and elucidation of the extracted
therapeutical agents
8.3. Qualification and Quantification of the therapeutical agents
8.4. Formulation exercise for the extracted agents from the natural source
 Lectures- 3 hours per week
 Lab practical- 2 hours per week
 Tutorials- 1 hour per week
10.TOTAL NO. OF HOURS: 132 HRS
 Lectures : 72

57
 Tutorials : 22
 Demonstrations : 10
 Seminars : 8
12.METHOD OF ASSESSMENT
 Continuous Assessment 40%
o Tests 20%
o Assignments 10%
o Lab reports 5%
o Seminar presentations 5%
 Final Examination 60%
 Paper I-Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
 Paper II-Long essay type of questions
o Viva 5%
13.1. Evans W.C. (2009). Trease & Evans Pharmacognosy, 16th
Edition. Saunders
Ltd. ISBN-13: 978-0702029332
13.2. Dr rer nat habil M.H., Barnes J., Gibbons S., Williamson E.M. (2012).
Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, 2nd
Edition. Churchill
Livingstone. ISBN: 9780702033889
13.3. Cseke LJ, Kirakosyan A, Kaufman PB, Warber S, Duke JA, Brielmann HL.
(2006). Natural Products from Plants, 2nd
Edition. CRC Press; ISBN 0-8493-
2976-0
14.1. Evert RF, Eichhorn SE. (2006). Esau's Plant Anatomy: Meristems, Cells, and
Tissues of the Plant Body - Their Structure, Function, and Development. 3rd
Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN: 978-0-471-73843-5
14.2. Taiz L, Zeiger E. (2006). Plant Physiology. 4th Edition. Sinauer Associates
Inc.,U.S. ISBN-13: 978-087893856

58
14.3. Larsen PK, Madsen U, Stromgaard K. 3RD Edition. 2009. Textbook of drug
design and discovery. CRC Press. ISBN 0-415-28288-8
14.4. Plittle1203. The big herbal encyclopedia. 2008.
14.5. Lewis Whelvin-Lewis MPF. 2nd edition. 2003. Medical botany: Plants
affecting men’s health. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN-13: 978-047162882
14.6. Munson JW. 1981. Pharmaceutical Analysis: Modern Methods.Marcel
Dekker, New York.
14.7. Modern Methods: Pharmaceutical Analysis; 7th 2001, Munson J. W. Marcel
Dekker, New York

59
1. COURSE CODE: PTH 3010
2. COURSE TITLE: Pathology & Microbiology
3. INTRODUCTION
Pathology is scientific study of disease. The word pathology is derived from two root
words: ’pathos’ which means ’suffering’ and ’logos’ which means ‘study of’. This course
provides the understanding of pathogenesis of disease which is important to understand
the mechanisms’ of drug action.
To provide the student with the knowledge of the abnormal functioning of the body
systems caused by disease, injury and microorganisms
5.1. To demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the body’s reaction to
disease and injury
5.2. To demonstrate knowledge and understanding of signs and symptoms of
abnormal functioning of the body systems
6.1. Demonstrates knowledge and understanding of the body’s reaction to
disease and injury
6.2. Demonstrates knowledge and understanding of signs and symptoms of
abnormal functioning of the body systems
7. COURSE CONTENTS:
7.1. PATHOLOGY (32 HRS)
7.1.1. UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY
7.1.1.1. Definition, aims and objectives of pathology
7.1.1.2. Concept of disease
7.1.2. UNIT2: TYPES OF INJURY AND THEIR EFFECT
7.1.2.1. Endogenous injury
7.1.2.2. Exogenous injury
7.1.2.3. Effects of injury
7.1.3. UNIT 3: HOST RESPONSE IN INJURY
7.1.3.1. Acute inflammation

60
7.1.3.2. Chronic inflammation
7.1.3.3. Tissue repair and wound healing
7.1.4. UNIT 4: DISORDERS OF DEVELOPMENT, DIFFERENTIATION,
MATURATION AND GROWTH
7.1.4.1. Disorders of development
7.1.4.2. Disorders of differentiation
7.1.4.3. Disorders of maturation
7.1.4.4. Disorders of growth
7.2. SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY
7.2.1. UNIT 5: Cardiovascular system
7.2.1.1. Components and function
7.2.1.2. Diseases: Hypertension
7.2.1.3. Ischaemic heart diseases
7.2.1.4. Cerebral vascular accidents
7.2.1.5. Thrombosis and Haemorrhage
7.2.2. UNIT 6: Lymphatic system
7.2.2.1. Components and function
7.2.2.2. Hodgkin’s lymphoma
7.2.2.3. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
7.2.3. UNIT 7: Respiratory system
7.2.3.1. Tuberculosis
7.2.3.2. Asthma
7.2.3.3. Pneumonia
7.2.4. UNIT 8: Gastrointestinal system: Aetiology, Pathogenesis and
Pathophysiology of:
7.2.4.1. Hepatitis and Jaundice
7.2.4.2. Cirrhosis
7.2.4.3. Ascitis
7.2.4.4. Diarrhoea

61
7.2.5. UNIT 9: Central Nervous System: Aetiology, Pathogenesis and
Pathophysiology of:
7.2.5.1. Meningitis
7.2.5.2. Cerebral vascular accidents
7.2.5.3. Trauma
7.2.5.4. Tumours
7.2.6. UNIT 10: Urinary Tract : Etiology, Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology
of:
7.2.6.1. Infections
7.2.6.2. Renal failure
7.2.7. UNIT11: Reproductive System
7.2.7.1. Disorders of the male reproductive system
7.2.7.2. Disorders of the female reproductive system
7.2.7.3. Infertility
7.3. IMMUNOLOGY: (10 HRS)
7.3.1. INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY
7.3.1.1. UNIT 1: GENERAL OVERVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY
7.3.1.1.1. Impact of infectious disease
7.3.1.1.2. Immune system
7.3.1.1.3. Immune response
7.3.1.2. UNIT 2. INNATE IMMUNITY
7.3.1.2.1. Physical and chemical defences
7.3.1.2.2. Leukocytes
7.3.1.2.3. Extra cellular chemical defenses
7.3.1.2.4. Complement system
7.3.1.2.5. Acute inflammatory reaction
7.3.1.3. UNIT3: ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
7.3.1.3.1. Cells of adaptive immunity
7.3.1.3.2. Molecules of adaptive immunity (Antibody, MHC & T cell
receptor)

62
7.3.1.4. UNIT4: ANTIGENS
7.3.1.4.1. General features of antigens
7.3.1.4.2. Types of antigen
7.3.1.4.3. Antigen-antibody interactions
7.3.1.5. UNIT5: IMMUNITY TO INFECTION
7.3.1.5.1. Collaboration between innate and adaptive immunity
7.3.1.5.2. Adversarial strategies: Bacterial, viral and parasite escape
strategies
7.3.1.5.3. Prophylaxis: Vaccination
7.3.1.6. UNIT6: IMMUNO REGULATION
7.3.1.6.1. Consequences of immune response
7.3.1.6.2. Regulatory mechanisms
7.3.1.7. UNIT7: DISORDERS OF IMMUNITY
7.3.1.7.1. Immunodeficiency: Congenital and Acquired
7.3.1.7.2. Hypersensitivity reactions
7.3.1.7.3. Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases
7.3.1.7.4. Tumour immunology
7.3.1.8. UNIT 8: TOLERANCE AND TRANSPLANTATION
7.3.1.8.1. Mechanisms of tolerance induction
7.3.1.8.2. Induction and maintenance of tolerance
7.3.1.8.3. Histocompatibility antigens
7.3.1.8.4. Mechanisms of graft rejection
7.3.1.8.5. Prevention of graft rejection
7.4. MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY (20 HRS)
7.4.1. UNIT1. INTRODUCTION TO PARASITISM
7.4.1.1. Common Nomenclature
7.4.1.2. Parasitic taxonomy
7.4.1.3. Host-parasite relationships
7.4.1.4. Epidemiology of parasitic diseases

63
7.4.2. UNIT2: PROTOZOA
7.4.2.1. Pathogenic amoebae
7.4.2.2. Intestinal and haemoflagellates
7.4.2.3. Ciliates
7.4.3. UNIT 3:HELMINMTHS
7.4.3.1. Cestodes (tapeworms)
7.4.3.2. Nematodes (roundworms)
7.4.3.3. Trematodes (flukes)
7.4.4. UNIT 4: APICOMPLEXA
7.4.4.1. Opportunistic parasites and HIV infection
7.4.4.2. Cryptosporidium
7.4.4.3. Microsporidium
7.4.4.4. Isospora belli
7.4.4.5. Pneumocystis carinii
7.4.4.6. Toxoplasma gondii
7.4.4.7. Babesia
7.4.4.8. Plasmodia – falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae
7.5. MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY (24 HRS)
7.5.1. UNIT1:Introduction to Medical Microbiology
7.5.1.1. Historical milestones
7.5.1.2. Role of Microbiology in Medicine
7.5.2. UNIT 2: Classification of Medically Important Microorganisms
7.5.2.1. Classification of bacteria
7.5.2.2. Classification of viruses
7.5.2.3. Classification of fungi
7.5.3. UNIT 3: Morphology and Nature of Bacteria
7.5.3.1. Structure of bacterial cell
7.5.3.2. Reproduction of bacteria
7.5.4. UNIT 4: Growth and Nutrition of Bacteria
7.5.4.1. Nutrition and physiology of microorganisms
7.5.4.2. Growth cycle

64
7.5.5. UNIT 5: Bacterial Genetics
7.5.5.1. Bacterial genome
7.5.5.2. Mutations
7.5.5.3. Mechanisms of gene transfer
7.5.6. UNIT6: Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
7.5.6.1. Mode of action antimicrobial drugs
7.5.6.2. General principles of use of antimicrobial drugs
7.5.6.3. Resistance to antimicrobial drugs
7.5.7. UNIT7: Sterilization and Disinfection
7.5.7.1. Definition of terms
7.5.7.2. Sterilization
7.5.7.3. Disinfectants and antiseptics
7.5.7.4. Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) and Theatre Supply Units
(TSSU)
7.5.8. UNIT 8: Microbial Pathology
7.5.8.1. Pathogenesis
7.5.8.2. Factors affecting virulence and spread
7.5.9. UNIT 9: General Principles of Diagnosis
7.5.9.1. Manifestations of infection and microbial causes of infection
7.5.9.2. Specimen selection, collection and transportation to the laboratory
7.5.9.3. Microbiological examination
7.5.10. UNIT 10: Pyrexia of Undetermined Origin (PUO)
7.5.10.1. Investigation of PUO
7.5.11. UNIT 11. Septicaemia and Endocarditis
7.5.11.1. Septicaemia
7.5.11.2. Infective endocarditis, infective myocarditis and pericarditis
7.5.11.3. Microbiological investigations
7.5.12. UNIT 12.: Respiratory Tract Infections
7.5.12.1. Upper respiratory infections
7.5.12.2. Lower respiratory infections
7.5.13. UNIT 13: Gastrointestinal Tract Infections (GIT)

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7.5.13.1. Normal flora of the GIT
7.5.13.2. Enteric fever
7.5.13.3. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
7.5.13.4. Acute diarrhoea in childhood
7.5.13.5. Dysentery
7.5.13.6. Cholera
7.5.14. UNIT 14: Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
7.5.14.1. Clinical pathological categories
7.5.14.2. Sources, routes and factor influencing UTI
7.5.14.3. Investigation of UTI
7.5.14.4. Treatment and control
7.5.15. UNIT 15: Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
7.5.15.1. Normal flora of the skin
7.5.15.2. Spectrum of skin infections
7.5.15.3. Soft tissue infections
7.5.16. UNIT 16: Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
7.5.16.1. Gonorrhoea
7.5.16.2. Syphilis
7.5.16.3. Other STDs
7.5.16.4. Control of STDs
7.5.17. UNIT 17: Central Nervous System (CNS) Infections
7.5.17.1. Meningitis
7.5.17.2. Encephalitis
7.5.17.3. Cerebral and spinal abscesses
7.5.18. UNIT 18: Infections of the Eye
7.5.18.1. Eyelid Infections
7.5.18.2. Conjunctivitis
7.5.18.3. Keratitis
7.5.18.4. Other eye infections

66
7.5.19. UNIT 19: Bone and Joint Infections
7.5.19.1. Acute and chronic osteomyelitis
7.5.19.2. Septic and reactive arthritis
7.5.19.3. Infection of prosthetic joints
7.5.20. UNIT 20: Anaerobic Infections
7.5.20.1. Classification of anaerobes
7.5.20.2. Predisposing factors for anaerobic infections
7.5.20.3. Non-sporing anaerobic infections
7.5.20.4. Clostridial infections
7.5.21. UNIT 21: Zoonoses
7.5.21.1. Sources and spread of nosocomial infections
7.5.21.2. Spectrum of zoonoses and their control
7.5.22. UNIT 22: Nosocomial Infections
7.5.22.1. Sources and spread of nosocomial infections
7.5.22.2. Control of nosocomial infections
7.5.23. UNIT 23: Opportunistic Infections
7.5.23.1. Opportunistic pathogens and their sources
7.5.23.2. Factors influencing opportunistic infections
7.5.23.3. Control of opportunistic infections
7.5.24. UNIT 24: Introduction to mycology
7.5.24.1. Structure and reproduction of fungi
7.5.24.2. Classification of fungi
7.5.24.3. Spectrum of mycoses
7.5.25. UNIT 25: Introduction to medical virology
7.5.25.1. General characteristics of viruses
7.5.25.2. Pathogenesis of viral disease
7.5.25.3. Viral infection in man
7.5.25.4. Treatment and control of viral infections

67
8. TEACHING METHODS & CONTACT HOURS
 Lectures: 3 hours/week
 Lab Practicals: 2 hours per week
 Seminars: 1 hour per month
 Demonstrations: 1 hour per week
9. TOTAL NO. OF HOURS: 150 HRS
 Lab Practicals: 26 HRS
 Seminars: 8
11. METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
 CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT 40%
o Tests 20%
o Assignments 10%
o Lab reports 5%
o Seminar presentations 5%
 FINAL EXAMINATION 60%
o Written examination: 50%
o Practical examination: 5%
o Vivas: 5%
12. PRESCRIBED BOOKS
12.1. Underwood JCE, Hunter J. (2009). 5th Edition. General and Systemic
Pathology, Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN: 9780443068881.
12.2. Harrington C.S. (2014). 15th Edition. Muir’s Textbook of Pathology. Taylor
and Francis Group. ISBN: 9781444184976.
12.3. Denyer S.P., Hodges N.A. (2004). Hugo & Russell’s Pharmaceutical
Microbiology. 7th
edition. Blackwell Science. ISBN: 0632064676

68
13. RECOMMENDED BOOKS
13.1. Robbins SL, Kumar V (2013). 9th Edition. Robbins Basic Pathology. WB
Saunders, London. ISBN: 978080892432-6.

69
2. COURSE TITLE: Pharmacy Practice – Foundation
3. INTRODUCTION
Pharmacy practice is a discipline that prepares pharmacy students for their professional
roles within the healthcare system. The course facilitates the integration and application
of all basic pharmaceutical, biomedical, behavioral, administrative and clinical sciences
to address pharmaceutical care needs of patients and the community. The
understanding of the pharmacy profession and its responsibilities to patient care and
society at large gained by pharmacy graduates will equip them to provide optimal
pharmaceutical care.
To provide fundamental principles underlying effective pharmacy practice
5.1.Appreciate the scope of pharmacy as a profession, its history and evolution, its
responsibility to society and its role in the health system
5.2.Demonstrate the basic elements of effective communication in the practice of
pharmacy
5.3.Describe the health team and the Zambian Health System
5.4.Demonstrate an understanding of important factors in the sale and supply of
medicines
5.5.Explain the fundamental concepts of professional ethics and their application to
pharmacy practice
5.6.Appreciate the principles of pharmacy law and ethics
6. COURSE COMPETENCIES:
6.1.Appreciates the scope of pharmacy as a profession, its history and evolution, its
responsibility to society and its role in the health system
6.2.Demonstrates the basic elements of effective communication in the practice of
pharmacy
6.3.Describes the health team and the Zambian Health System

70
6.4.Describes the fundamental principles of dispensing medicines and related
substances as a professional process
6.5.Appreciates the hierarchy of compliance, adherence and concordance
6.6.Demonstrates an understanding of important factors in the sale and supply of
medicines
6.7.Explains the fundamental concepts of professional ethics and their application to
pharmacy practice
6.8.Appreciates the principles of pharmacy law and ethics
7. COURSE CONTENT
7.1 UNIT 1: Introduction to Pharmacy Practice (8 HRS)
7.1.1 Definition and Scope of Pharmacy Practice
7.1.2 Professions and Approaches to Professionalization
7.1.3 The Profession of Pharmacy
7.1.4 Overview of the History and Evolution of Pharmacy
7.1.5 Concepts in Contemporary Pharmacy Practice
7.2UNIT 2: Essential Communication Skills for Pharmacist (12 HRS)
7.2.1 Patient-centered communication and elements of basic communication
7.2.2 Non-verbal communication
7.2.3 Effective tools for interpersonal communication
7.2.4 Interaction with patients
7.2.5 Interaction with other healthcare professionals
7.3 UNIT 3: The Health Team and the Zambian Health System (10 HRS)
7.3.1 Definition of the Health Team and Members of the Health Team
7.3.2 The Zambian Health System and the Role of Pharmacy
7.4. Unit 4: Professional Ethics (10 HRS)
7.4.1 Core values for professional practice
7.4.2 Introduction to building a foundation for ethical decision-making in
professional practice
7.4.3 Ethical issues in professional relationships: Application of ethical
foundation
7.4.4 Distinguish law and institutional policy issues from ethical standards

71
7.4.5 Role of the Pharmaceutical Society in professional practice
7.5 Unit 5: Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Law (18 HRS)
7.5.1 National Health Policies
7.5.2 National Medicines and Pharmaceutical Policy
7.5.3 Regulation of Health Services and Health Practitioners
7.5.4 The Regulation of Medicines
7.5.5 The Regulation of Pharmaceutical services and Pharmacy Practice
7.5.6 The roles, functions and organization of health regulatory bodies
7.5.7 International and regional organizations involved in regulation of health and
pharmaceutical services
7.5.8 The Roles of the Pharmacist in Administrative and Regulatory Pharmacy
7.6. Unit 6: Introduction to Dispensing (12 Hours)
8 TEACHING METHODS AND CONTACT HOURS
 Simulation & field trips - 2 hours per month
 Group discussion & presentation – 1 hour every other week
9 TOTAL NO. OF HOURS: 120 HRS
 Simulation & field trips: 20 HRS
 Group discussion & presentation: 15 HRS
10 CREDIT UNITS: 4.0
11 METHODS OF ASSESSMENT :
o Tests 20%
o Simulation & Field Reports 5%
o Assignments 10%
o Presentations 5%

72
o Written examinations 50%
o Viva: 10%
12 PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
12.1 Whalley B, Fletcher, K, Weston, S, Howard, R (2008). 1st
edition. Foundation
in pharmacy practice. Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 9780853697473.4
12.2 Winfield A.J, Rees, J.A, Smith, I (2009). 4th
edition. Pharmaceutical practice.
Churchill-Livingstone. ISBN 9780443069062
12.3 Desselle, S, Zgarrick, D, and Alston, G (2012). 3rd
Edition. Pharmacy
management: Essentials for all practice settings. McGraw Hill. Medical
Publishing Division. ISBN 9780071774314.
12.4 Purtilo, R.B and Dohert, R (2010). 5th
edition. Ethical Dimensions in the
Health Professions. Elseiver. ISBN 9781437708967
13 RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
13.1 Veatch, R.M, Haddad, A.M, and English, D.C (2010). 1st
edition. Case studies
in biomedical ethics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195309720
13.2 Beardsley, R.S, Kimberlin, C.L, and Tindall, W.M (2012). 6th
edition.
Communication skills in pharmacy practice. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
ISBN 9781469812632
13.3 Cipolle, R. J. Strand L.M. Morley P.C (2012). 3rd
edition. Pharmaceutical Care
Practice: The patient-centered approach to medication management.
McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN-13: 978-0071756389
13.4 Azzopardi, L.M (2009). 1st
edition. Lecture Notes in Pharmacy Practice.
Pharmaceutical Practice. ISBN-10: 0853697663 | ISBN-13: 978-0853697664
13.5 Lachman L (2010). The theory & practice of Industrial Pharmacy. CBS
Publisher & Distributors P Ltd. ISBN-10: 8123916795
13.6 Robson A.S, Bawden D, Judd A (2001). Pharmaceutical & Medicines
Information Management: Principles & Practice. Churchill Livingstone. ISBN
0443064016

74
2. COURSE TITLE: Biopharmacy
3. INTRODUCTION
Biopharmacy is a discipline, within pharmaceutical sciences, that is primarily concerned
with the scientific basis of medicines design and development, biological drug handling
and clinical applications and the influence of these on the selection and clinical
performance of medicines – including their application to patient management.
Biopharmacy components include pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics.
Pharmacokinetics deals with the study of the principles, characterization and
quantification of the mechanisms and kinetics of the processes of absorption,
distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs and their relationship to the intensity
and time-course of the therapeutic and adverse effects of drugs (medicines).
Biopharmaceutics is concerned with the study and characterization of different types of
dosage forms employed for each route of drug administration and examines the special
requirements for each route. As such biopharmaceutics considers the formulation
requirements for each drug delivery system and the ways in which drug bioavailability
can be affected by human, physicochemical and dosage form factors. It includes
dissolution testing as a means of assessing solid dosage forms.
4. AIMS OF THE COURSE
To provide knowledge of the general principles of biopharmaceutics and
pharmacokinetics and their application of to biopharmaceutical drug design clinical
practice.
5.1. Explain the key principles in Biopharmacy
5.2. Characterize and quantify the time-course of processes of drug liberation,
absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination
5.3. Apply the principles of biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics to optimal
drug design
5.4. Explain the various pharmacokinetics parameters

75
5.5. Utilize biopharmaceutical principles and data in the assessment and selection
of medicines, drug delivery systems and routes of administration
5.6. Appreciate the optimization of medication regimens for individual patients
5.7. Carry out the analysis of drugs in body fluids
6.1. Explains the key principles in Biopharmacy
6.2. Characterizes and quantifies the time-course of processes of drug liberation,
absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination
6.3. Applies the principles of biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics to optimal
drug design
6.4. Explains the various pharmacokinetics parameters
6.5. Utilizes biopharmaceutical principles and data in the assessment and
selection of medicines, drug delivery systems and routes of administration
6.6. Appreciates the optimization of medication regimens for individual patients
6.7. Carries out the analysis of drugs in body fluid
7. COURSE CONTENT
7.1. UNIT 1: Introduction to Biopharmacy (2 HRS)
7.1.1. What is Biopharmacy?
7.1.2. Pharmacokinetics definition and scope
7.1.3. Biopharmaceutics
7.1.4. Related Concepts and Disciplines
7.2. UNIT 2: The ADME/LADME Processes (6 HRS)
7.2.1. Biopharmaceutical phase, pharmacokinetic phase, and bio-phase of a
drug
7.2.2. The ADME/LADME processes
7.2.3. The pharmacokinetic hypothesis in general
7.2.4. Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Concepts
7.3. UNIT 3: Pharmacokinetic Considerations of Drug Concentrations in
Plasma: Single Dose Administration (8 HRS)
7.3.1. The Pharmacokinetic Hypothesis of Drug Concentrations in Plasma
(Pharmacokinetic Phase) Vs Drug at Site of Action (Bio-phase)

76
7.3.2. Rapid (Bolus) Intravenous Administration
7.3.3. Short-term Constant Rate Intravenous Infusion
7.3.4. Extra-vascular Administration
7.3.5. Patient-to-Patient Variability
7.3.6. Absorption Rate and Effects
7.4. UNIT 4: Bioavailability – I (4 HRS)
7.4.1. Definition, Meaning and Significance of Bioavailability
7.4.2. Rate of Absorption and Estimating Rate of Absorption
7.4.3. Extent of Absorption and Estimating Extent of Absorption
7.4.4. Methods of Estimating Bioavailability
7.4.5. Bioequivalence
7.5. UNIT 5: Continuous Drug Administration (6 HRS)
7.5.1. Constant Rate Infusion
7.5.2. Repetitive Dosing
7.5.3. Average Drug Concentration at Steady State
7.5.4. Loading Dose
7.5.5. Dosing Interval
7.6. UNIT 6: Compartmental and Non-Compartmental Pharmacokinetics
(6HRS)
7.6.1. Introduction
7.6.2. Multi-compartmental Characteristics
7.6.3. Non-compartmental Methods
7.6.4. Drug Absorption
7.7. UNIT 7: Drug Delivery Systems (Dosage Forms), Routes of Drug
Administration& Drug Absorption (6 HRS)
7.7.1. Introduction
7.7.2. Out-line of Various Types of Drug Delivery Systems (Dosage Forms)
7.7.3. Out-line of Different Routes of Drug Administration
7.7.4. The Oral Route and Oral Dosage Forms: Overview of
Significance/Importance

77
7.7.5. Non-Oral Routes of Drug Administration & Drug Delivery Systems:
Overview
7.8. UNIT8: Drug Absorption from the Gastro-Intestinal Tract (G.I.T.) (8 HRS)
7.8.1. Biological Factors/Considerations
7.8.2. Physicochemical Factors/Considerations
7.8.3. Role of Dosage Form in G.I.T. Drug Absorption
7.9. UNIT9: In vitro – In vivo Correlations of Drug Absorption (6 HRS)
7.9.1. Introduction and General Principles
7.9.2. Disintegration
7.9.3. Dissolution
7.9.4. In-vitro/In-vivo Correlation
7.9.5. Correlated Variables
7.10. UNIT 10: The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (6 HRS)
7.10.1. Introduction and Definition of Biopharmaceutics Classification System
(BCS) and BCS Classes
7.10.2. Criteria for Solubility and Permeability
7.10.3. Approaches to Dosage Form Development Using the BCS
7.11. UNIT 11: Bioavailability and Bioequivalence (BA/BE) Studies: Principles
(6 HRS)
7.11.1. Definitions
7.11.2. Bioavailability –II
7.11.3. Bioequivalence
7.11.4. BA/BE Study Considerations
7.11.5. BA/BE Studies for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms Based
on BCS (optional)
7.12. UNIT 12: Drug Concentration and Clinical Response (6 HRS)
7.12.1. Concentration – Response Relationships
7.12.2. Drug Concentration and Therapeutic Effectiveness
7.12.3. Factors Complicating Concentration – Response Relationships
7.12.4. Time Course of Drug Effects
7.13. UNIT 13: Drug Disposition (10 HRS)

78
7.13.1. Concentrations
7.13.2. Distribution
7.13.3. Protein Binding
7.13.4. Tissue Binding
7.13.5. Drug Metabolism
7.13.6. Drug Elimination (an Excretion)
7.14. UNIT 14 :Pharmacokinetic Variability (4 HRS)
7.14.1. Body Weight
7.14.2. Age
7.14.3. Sex
7.14.4. Genetic Factors
7.14.5. Diseases
7.14.6. Interactions
7.15. UNIT15: Individualization and Optimization of Drug Doses (6 HRS)
7.15.1. Individualizing Dosage Regimens
7.15.2. Optimizing Dosage Regimens
7.15.3. Estimating Area Under the Curve and Relationship with Clinical Effects
7.16. UNIT 16: Pharmacokinetics Calculations and Problem Solving: (6HRS)
7.16.1. Essential Mathematical Principles, Concepts and Calculations in
Pharmacokinetics & Biopharmaceutics
7.16.2. Problem Solving in Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics
7.17. UNIT 17: Biopharmaceutical Aspects of Drug Selection (4 HRS)
7.17.1. Therapeutic Choice
7.17.2. Clinical Trials
8. BIOPHARMACY PRACTICAL/DEMONSTRATION TOPICS (30 HRS)
8.1.Analysis of Drugs in Body Fluids
8.2.Plasma Drug Concentration versus Time Curves
8.3.Simulated Compartment Pharmacokinetics Experiment
8.4.Dissolution Testing of Solid Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
8.5.Co-relates of Drug Absorption
8.6.Determination of Bioavailability

79
8.7.Influence of Formulation on Bioavailability
8.8.Assessment of Bioequivalence/Bioequivalence Studies
8.9.Dosage Regimen Optimization
8.10.Individual variations to drug response
 Lab practical - 2 hours every other week
 Demonstrations – 1 hour per week
10.TOTAL NO. OF HOURS: 150 HRS
 Lectures : 100
 Tutorials : 20
11.CREDIT UNITS: 5
12.METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
o Tests 20%
o Lab reports 10 %
o Assignments 10%
o Viva 10%
13.1. Gibaldi, M. (1991), Fourth Edition, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical
Pharmacokinetic, Lea& Febiger, ISBN 0-8121-1346-2
13.2. Jambheker, S.S. and Breen, J.P. (2009), First Edition, Basic
Pharmacokinetics, The Pharmaceutical Press, ISBN 978 O85369 7725

80
13.3. Rowland, M. and Tozer N.T. (1995), Third Edition, Clinical Pharmacokinetics,
Concepts and Applications Lea & Febiger, ISBN 0-683-07404-0 (2007 Indian
Reprint ISBN-13: 978 -81-89960-52-0)
14.1. Madan, L.P. (2000). 1st
edition. Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics.
Jaypee Brothers. ISBN 8171797075
14.2. Lachman, L. etal (1996). 3rd
edition. Theory and practice of industrial
pharmacy. Lea & Febiger
14.3. Allen, V.L Jr, Popovic G.N and Ansel, C.H (2005). 3rd
edition. Ansel’s
pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems. Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins. ISBN: 978 8189836603
14.4. Smith, J.H (1988). 2nd
edition. Smith and Williams’ introduction to the
principles of drug design. Wright , Butterworth & Co. ISBN: 0723612110

81
COURSE CODE: PGY 4230
1. COURSE TITLE: Pharmacology & Toxicology
2. INTRODUCTION
Pharmacology & Toxicology course deals with studying the interactions that occur
between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical
function, including the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.
3. AIM
To provide specific understanding of the clinical aspects of the pharmacological
treatment and management of common disease conditions
4. OBJECTIVES
4.1. At the completion of this course, the student should be able to:
4.2. Demonstrate understanding of the scientific basis of drug therapy
4.3. Describe the pharmacology of drugs used for the management of diseases
affecting the skin, reproductive and genital-urinary system
4.4. Describe principles of toxicology and management of poisoning
4.5. Appreciate the scope of pharmacology as applied in drug development,
special populations and emerging pharmaceutical care domains
4.6. Evaluate evidence and recommend quality, cost-effective pharmacological
interventions through well designed drug treatment strategies
4.7. Promote the safety of clinically prescribed drugs, maximize beneficial effects
and minimise adverse effects
5. COMPETENCIES
5.1. Articulates the scientific basis of drug therapy
5.2. Applies principles of pharmacology to manage diseases affecting major organ
systems
5.3. Effectively manages a poisoned patient
5.4. Participates in drug development and adopts innovative approaches in
pharmacology
5.5. Evaluates evidence and recommends quality, cost-effective pharmacological
interventions through well designed treatment strategies
5.6. Promotes medication safety

82
6. COURSE CONTENT
6.1. UNIT 1: General principles of drug therapy (2 HRS)
6.1.1. Pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic & therapeutic
processes of drug therapy
6.2. UNIT 2: Dermatology (12 HRS)
6.2.1. Manifestations of skin disorders
6.2.2. Skin cancers
6.2.3. Burns
6.2.4. Superficial fungal infections
6.2.5. Superficial bacterial infections
6.2.6. Superficial viral infections
6.2.7. Acne valgaris
6.2.8. Eczematous dermatoses
6.2.9. Urticaria
6.2.10. Psoriasis
6.2.11. Scabies
6.2.12. Parasitic infestation: Pediculosis
6.3. UNIT 3: Drugs acting on the Reproductive system (10 HRS)
6.3.1. Female sex hormones
6.3.2. Control of the female reproductive system
6.3.3. Hormone replacement therapy
6.3.4. Contraception
6.3.5. Drug use in Pregnancy & Lactation
6.3.6. Male sex hormones
6.3.7. Hormonal control of the male reproductive system
6.3.8. Drug treatment of Infertility
6.4. UNIT 4: Toxicology (14 HRS)
6.4.1. General principles of toxicology: types & mechanisms of toxicity
6.4.2. Principles of clinical management of a poisoned patient
6.4.3. Specific poisons:

83
6.4.3.1. Pesticides
6.4.3.2. Gases
6.4.3.3. Heavy metals
6.4.4. Drug overdose:
6.4.4.1. Aspirin
6.4.4.2. Paracetamol
6.4.4.3. Digoxin
6.4.4.4. Quinine
6.4.4.5. Benzodiazepines
6.4.4.6. Herbal medicine toxicity
6.4.5. Drug abuse, drug dependence & its management
6.5. Unit 5: Drug use in special populations (4 HRS)
6.5.1. Drug therapy in pregnancy and lactation
6.5.2. Drug therapy in childhood
6.5.3. Drug therapy in the elderly
6.5.4. Drug therapy in certain disease states: renal, hepatic and cardiac disease
6.6. UNIT 6: Applied topics in Pharmacology (8 HRS)
6.6.1. Drug Development & Clinical Trials
6.6.2. Vaccines & Biopharmaceuticals
6.6.3. Veterinary drugs & Zoonotic diseases
7. PRACTICAL TOPICS IN PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY (40 HRS)
7.1. Clinical sessions/rotations in dermatology clinic
7.2.Clinical sessions/rotations in gynecology & urology clinic
7.3.Toxicology experiments
8. TEACHING METHODS & METHODS:
 Lectures – 3 hours per week
 Seminars - 1 hour per week month
 Clinical sessions - 2 hours per week
9. TOTAL CONTACT HOURS: 130 HRS
 Lectures: 50

84
 Tutorials: 30
 Seminars: 10
 Clinical sessions: 40
11. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT
o Assignments: 10%
o Tests: 20%
o Seminar Presentations: 5%
o Clinical Log Books : 5%
o Written Examination: 50%
 Paper I: Multiple choice type questions
 Paper II: Short answer & essay type questions
o Viva: 10%
12.1. Katzung B.G, 2011. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 12th edition. Mc Graw
Hill, Medical Publishing Division. New York. ISBN 9780071764018.
12.2. Brunton, L.L, Lazo, J.S, and Parker, K.L. 2010. Goodman & Gilman’s The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12thEdition. McGraw-Hill Medical
Publishing Division. ISBN 0071422803.
13.1. Graeme-Smith D.G., Aronson J. K. 2002. Oxford Textbook of Clinical
Pharmacology and drug treatment, 3rd edition, 2002. Oxford University
Press. ISBN 978-0192632340
13.2. McKay G.A., Reid J.L., Walters M.R. 2013. Lecture notes: Clinical
Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 9th Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN
9781118344811
13.3. Rang H.P, Dale M.M, Ritter, J.M, and Moore, P.K. 2012. Pharmacology. 7th
Edition. Churchill Livingstone. U.K. ISBN: 9780702034718.

85
13.4. Hsu W.H. 2008. Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology. Wiley-Blackwell, UK.
ISBN 9780813828374

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