1. By Emmanuel Castaño and Amanda Okazaki

2.  A very simple definition of knowledge is, “A
justified, true belief.”
 It is therefore made up of three elements:
◦ Truth
◦ Belief
◦ Justification
 An equation used to make this more simple is:
◦ K=JTB
(where K: Knowledge, J: Justified, T:True, B: Belief)

3.  4 ways used to justify a belief are:
◦ Language
◦ Perception
◦ Reason
◦ Emotion
 For any belief to be considered true, it has to
always have been true and remain true forever

4.  Believing in something is required to qualify it
as knowledge
 We must be aware that something is true and
justified to be able to claim we know it, if we
are not aware of it, we cannot know it
 There are 3 types of Belief:
◦ A vague belief
◦ A well-supported belief
◦ A belief that is beyond reasonable doubt

5.  By using the formula K = JTB, when one
knows something, it must be the truth and
one must be aware of it
 When one believes something, it is not
necessarily true
 Belief is a subjective requirement for
knowledge, if we know something is
true, then we must believe it, but just
because we believe it, it does not make it true

6.  One can know that something (and therefore
be sure that it) is the truth or that it is
incorrect
 However, one can be uncertain about many
beliefs, and therefore not be sure if it is
closer to being true or false
-10 -5 0 5 10
Impossible Unlikely Possible Probable Certain
I I I I I
Knowledge Well-Supported Vague Well-Supported Knowledge
This spectrum refers to the various kinds of beliefs,
vague, well-supported, and beyond reasonable doubt

7. -10 -5 0 5 10
Impossible Unlikely Possible Probable Certain
I I I I I
Knowledge Well-Supported Vague Well-Supported Knowledge