Airport Engineering -Ref: Subramanian-Airport Engineering

1. Airport Engineering

4. Development of Air Transport in India
• The first air flight in India was performed in
the year 1911 when a Frenchman carried mail
from Allahabad to Naini.
• The first commercial air service was
established in 1930 as Tata Airlines.
• Air India entered into Jet age in 1960 when
Boeing 707 Services were started between
India and London and subsequently extended
to New York.

5. Airport Engineering
• Airport Engineering encompasses the planning, design,
and construction of terminals, runways, and navigation
aids to provide for passenger and freight service.
• Airport engineers design and construct airports. They
must account for the impacts and demands of aircraft in
their design of airport facilities.
• These engineers must use the analysis of predominant
wind direction to determine runway orientation,
determine the size of runway border and safety areas,
different wing tip to wing tip clearances for all gates and
must designate the clear zones in the entire port.

6. What is an AIRPORT?
• An airport is a facility where passengers connect
from ground transportation to air transportation.
• It is a location where aircraft such as airplanes,
helicopters take off and land.
• Aircraft may also be stored or maintained at an
airport.
• An airport should have runway for takeoffs and
landings, buildings such as hangars and terminal
buildings.

7. Definition
• AIRFIELD is an area where
an aircraft can land and
take off, which may or may
not be equipped with any
navigational aids or
markings. Many grass
strips are also designated
as airfields.

8. What are Aerodromes?
AERODROMES
• A defined area on land or water (including any
buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be
used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure
and surface movement of aircraft.

9. Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International
Airport

10. Airport History
• The world's first airport was built in 1928 at
Croydon near London (England). It was the main
airport for London till it was closed down in
1959, after the World War II. It is now open as a
visitor centre for aviation.

11. The International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO)
• The International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO), an agency of the United Nations, codifies
the principles and techniques of international air
navigation and fosters the planning and
development of international air transport to
ensure safe and orderly growth.
• FAA-Federal Aviation Agency (FAA)
• AAI- Airports Authority of India- (India)

12. Airports Authority of India (AAI)
• Airports Authority of India (AAI) was constituted by
an Act of Parliament and came into being on 1st April
1995 by merging National Airports Authority and
International Airports Authority of India. The merger
brought into existence a single Organization entrusted
with the responsibility of creating, upgrading,
maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure
both on the ground and air space in the country.
• AAI manages 125 airports, which include 18
International Airport, 07 Customs Airports, 78
Domestic Airports and 26 Civil Enclaves at Defense
airfields.

13. Types of
Airports
International
Airports
Regional
Airports
Domestic
Airports

14. International Airports
• An international airport has direct service to many
other airports.
• Handle scheduled commercial airlines both for
passengers and cargo.
• Many international airports also serve as "HUBS", or
places where non-direct flights may land and
passengers switch planes.
• Typically equipped with customs and immigration
facilities to handle international flights to and from
other countries.
• Such airports are usually larger, and often feature longer
runways and facilities to accommodate the large
aircraft.

15. Hong Kong International Airport – Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong

16. Incheon International Airport

17. Domestic Airports
• A domestic airport is an airport which handles only
domestic flights or flights within the same country.
• Domestic airports don't have customs and immigration
facilities and are therefore incapable of handling flights to or
from a foreign airport.
• These airports normally have short runways which are
sufficient to handle short/medium haul aircraft.

18. Regional Airports
• A regional airport is an airport serving traffic within a
relatively small or lightly populated geographical area.
• A regional airport usually does not have customs and
immigration facilities to process traffic between
countries.
• Aircraft using these airports tend to be smaller
business jets or private aircraft (general aviation).

19. Louisiana Regional Airport, US

20. Movements of an airplane

24. Movements of an airplane
Roll :Rotational movement of an aircraft around
its longitudinal axis; it is caused by an
imbalance in the lift of the wings.
Pitch :Rotational movement of an aircraft around
its transverse axis; it is caused by an imbalance
of pressure on the nose and tail.
Yaw: Aircraft’s rotational motion around its
vertical axis; it is caused by an imbalance of
pressure on the leading edges of the wings.

25. Aircraft Characteristics
• The size;
– Span of wings: This decides the width of taxiway,
size of aprons and hangers.
– Height: This decides the height of hanger gate and
miscellaneous installations inside the hanger.
– Wheel base: This decides minimum taxiway
radius.
– Tail width: Required for size of parking and
apron.

26. • Minimum turning radius: To determine the
radii at the ends of the taxiways and to
ascertain the position on the loading apron.
• Gross Take-off weight: It governs the
thickness of runway and taxiway pavements as
well as length of runway.
• Capacity of aircraft: It governs the baggage,
passengers and fuel that can be accommodated
in the aircraft.
Aircraft Characteristics

27. • Take-off and landing distances: A number of factors
such as altitude of the airport, gradient of runway,
direction and intensity of wind, temperature and the
manner of landing and take-off which influence the
take-off and landing distances.
• Tyre pressure and contact area: It governs the
thickness of the pavement.
• Range: The frequency of operations and hence the
peak traffic volume and the runway capacity depend
upon the normal haul length or the range.

28. Factors affecting selection of site for
Airport
1. Availability of adequate area
2. Airport use i.e, whether for civilian or for
military operation
3. Accessibility –connectivity with other modes
4. Topography, soil condition and drainage
5. Availability of construction materials
6. Cost of development
7. Cost of maintenance

29. 8. Traffic volume and type of traffic
9. Cross-wind component
10. Proximity to other airports
11. Safety factors
12. Revenues
13.Visibility
14. Obstruction
15.Future Development
Factors affecting selection of site for
Airport

30. Typical Layout of an Airport

31. Important Components of An Airport
Layout
1. Runway
2. Terminal Building
3. Apron
4. Taxiway
5. Aircraft Stand
6. Hanger
7. Control Tower
8. Parking

32. Runways
A runway is the area where an aircraft lands or takes
off. It can be grass, or packed dirt, or a hard surface
such as asphalt or concrete. Runways have special
markings on them to help a pilot in the air to tell that it
is a runway (and not a road) and to help them when
they are landing or taking off. Runway markings are
white.
Most runways have numbers on the end. The number is
the runway's compass direction. (For example, runway
numbered 36 would be pointing north or 360 degrees).
Some airports have more than one runway going in the
same direction, so they add letters to the end of the
number R for right, C for center, and L for left.

35. Terminal Buildings
Also known as airport terminal, these buildings are
the spaces where passengers board or alight from flights.
These buildings house all the necessary facilities for
passengers to check-in their luggage, clear the customs and
have lounges to wait before disembarking. The terminals
can house cafes, lounges and bars to serve as waiting areas
for passengers.
Ticket counters, luggage check-in or transfer, security
checks and customs are the basics of all airport terminals.
Large airports can have more than one terminal that are
connected to one another through link ways such as
walkways, sky-bridges or trams. Smaller airports usually
have only one terminal that houses all the required
facilities.

37. Aprons
Aircraft aprons are the areas where the
aircraft park. Aprons are also sometimes
called ramps. They vary in size, from areas
that may hold five or ten small planes, to
the very large areas that the major
airports have.

40. 4. Taxiway
A taxiway is a path on an airport
connecting runways with ramps, hangars,
terminals and other facilities. They mostly have
hard surface such as asphalt or concrete,
although smaller airports sometimes
use gravel or grass.

43. 5. Aircraft Stand
A portion of an apron designated as a taxiway and
intended to provide access to aircraft stands only.

44. 7. Control Tower
A tower at an airfield from which air traffic is controlled by
radio and observed physically and by radar.
8. Parking
Parking is a specific area of airport at which vehicles park.

46. AIRPORT PLANNING
1. Important Objectives of an airport
2. Components of airport planning
3. Good airfield layout characteristics

52. Obstacles and Imaginary surfaces

55. Runway Orientation & Design
• “Rectangular area on an aerodrome used for
landing and take off “
• Runway orientation is important in airport
planning
• Current practice is to layout a runway in the
direction of prevailing wind

59. Runway Orientation & Design
• “Rectangular area on an aerodrome used for
landing and take off “
• Runway orientation is important in airport
planning
• Current practice is to layout a runway in the
direction of prevailing wind

60. IMPORTANCE OF RUNWAY LAYOUT
• Determination of runway is a critical task
• It is very important for safe take offs and
approaches
• The width and sloping of runway also play a
role in safe approaches . It can be illustrated
by the figure below :

61. RUNWAY CONFIGURATION
• FAA includes over 20 runway layouts
• Amongst them there are 4 basic runway
patterns :
1. SIMPLE RUNWAY
2. PARALLEL RUNWAY
3. OPEN-V RUNWAYS
4. INTERSECTING RUNWAYS

63. PARALLEL RUNWAYS
There are 4
types of
parallel
runways

64. OPEN-V RUNWAYS
Runways diverging from different directions but do not
intersect and form an open-V shape are ‘OPEN-V runways’

65. INTERSECTING RUNWAYS
Two or more runways that cross each other are classified as
intersecting runways.
This type of runway is used when there are relatively strong
prevailing winds from more than one direction during the
year.

66. FACTORS AFFECTING RUNWAY
ORIENTATION
• WIND
• AIRSPACE AVAILABILITY
• ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
• OBSTRUCTIONS TO NAVIGATION
• AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL VISIBILITY
• WILD LIFE HAZARDS
• TERRAIN AND SOIL CONSIDERATION

67. RUNWAY LIGHTING
• These lights are used to assist pilot in to
identify the runway
• GREEN THRESHOLD LIGHTS : Line the
runway edge
• RED LIGHTS : Mark the end of runway
• BLUE LIGHTS : Run alongside taxiways
• While runways have YELLOW or WHITE
lights marking their edges

71. RUNWAY SIGNS
• Various kinds of runway signs are also
used for facilitation
• They differ according to their purpose
and action