Glanders is an infectious disease that is caused by the bacterium Burkholderia mallei. While people can get the disease, glanders is primarily a disease affecting horses. It also affects donkeys and mules and can be naturally contracted by other mammals such as goats, dogs, and cats.
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Glander orientation program
1. GLANDERS (Zoonotic Disease)
Outbreak in Nepal
Dr. Manoj karki
B.V.Sc.&A.H. (2019)
M.V.Sc Microbiology pursuing
Synonyms: Farcy; Malleus
Organization by:
Animal Nepal, kailali
Supported by:
World Horse
Welfare
2. Introduction:
Glanders is an infectious and life – threatening disease that mainly affect horses,
donkeys, or mules
Caused by Burkholderia mallei. (Previously as Pseudomonas mallei)
Gram negative, non sporulating , non encapsulated rod shape
It is zoonotic disease
Prolonged survival in favorable environments
Inactivated by heat and sunlight (Heating at 55oC/10 min. Sun light for 24 h).
3. Survivability:
Contaminated environment- 6 weeks to months
Viable in tap water for at least 1 months
Polysaccharide capsule of bacterium is considered an important virulence
factor and enhances survival
4. History
3rd Century BC
Described by Aristotle
World War I
Suspected use as biological agent to infect Russian horses and mules
Large number of human cases in Russia during and after WWI
It was endemic in Chinese horses and affected 30% ponies.
World War II 1943-44
Japanese infected horses, civilians
U.S. and Russia investigated use as biological weapon
In Asia, it is said to cause high morbidity but low mortality in endemic areas.
5. Geographical distribution:
The disease has been eradicated in North America, Australia, and Europe.
Glanders remain sporadically or endemic reported in a number of Asian, African,
middle eastern and south American,
Dr. Sainbel - the first principal of London veterinary College in 1723 was one of the
first reported human cases of glanders.
In India, information on human glanders is scanty despite many reported cases of
disease in equines.
Dr. S.H. Gaiger (1913-1916), a veterinary pathologist at Punjab Veterinary College,
Lahore who contracted the disease while autopsying an infected horse
In April 2010, Bahrain notified the first occurrence of the disease. In brazil the disease
reappeared in 2009.
In Nepal glanders first occurrence in 2020-11-17 (Animal Nepal)
6.
7. Epidemiology:
Source of event or origin of infection: illegal movement of animals
Horses and mules working at brick kilns and tanga pullers have been found sick
Susceptibility to glanders has also been demonstrated in camels, bear, wolves and dogs.
Carniverous may become infected by eating infected meal
8. Quantitative data summery: Nepalgunj,
Lalitpur and kailali
Species Susceptible Cases Death
Equidae 87 26 16
Outbreak: 2020-11-09 first time
1. Nepalgunj -5- MP school tole
2. Godawari, Lalitpur.
3. janaki 8, bhokshi, and janaki 7, makri, Kailali 15 samples were collected but not found due
to sample error (2020-11-12)
Disease category: OIE- listed
9. Diagnostic detail:
Clinical signs: yes
Diagnostic nature: diagnostic test and clinical signs
For diagnostic test:
Test name Category Test type laboratory SPECIES
SAMPLE
RESULT
REAL- TIME
POLYMERASE
CHAIN
REACTION
(PCR)
Nucleic acid
detection
Laboratory test CVL,
Tripureshwor,
KTM
Equidae positive
Gene sequencing Genotyping Laboratory test OIE reference
laboratory
Equidae positive
10. Spread:
Contact with tissue or body fluid (mucus) of infected animals
Inhaled or infected aerosols or dust contaminated (grooming equipment) by infected
animals.
Poor husbandry and feeding condition as well as transportation
Unsanitary conditions and over crowded stables are risk factor
In human: person to person (rare)
11. Host range
Acute form: donkey and mule with high fever and respiratory signs
Chronic form: horse they may survive for several years
Accidental host: human rare but very fatal
Susceptible host: sheep, camel, goat dog
Swine and cattle: resistant
12.
13. Public Health Risk
No vaccine exist
Life threatening zoonosis
Animal with clinical disease, asymptomatically infected animals pose a risk to human
In human the disease can take different forms such as Nasal, localized with nodules and
abscesses, pulmonary, septicemia with chronic infection. Incubation period-1-14 days
to month
In human the untreated acute disease the mortality rate can reach 95 % within 3 weeks.
A cure is possible, however if case are treated rapidly with antibiotics
Transmission to human can be avoided by controlling the disease in animals, avoiding
contact with infected animals and by taking precautionary hygienic measures
14. Clinical signs: in animal
The disease causes nodules and ulceration in the respiratory tract, and lungs in animals.
A skin form known as ‘Farcy’ also occurs.
3 forms:
Nasal forms: ulcerous nodules in nasal cavity, yellowish green mucopurulent
nasal discharge
Pulmonary forms: cough, dyspnea, pneumonia, pulmonary abscess
Cutaneous form or farcy: multiple ulcerative nodules along the lymphatic vessels in
hind limb and abdomen.
Nodules and ulcers in the nasal conchae
in a horse with glanders at PM
Nasal discharge in donkey
15.
16.
17.
18. Clinical sign in human
Acute & Chronic form
Incubation period-1-14 days to month
The disease causes fever, malaise, fatigue, jaundice, nausea, rheumatic pain in legs and
headache
Erysepelous swelling on face and limbs or painful nodules
The nodular eruption is followed by pustular eruptions on the skin of face, legs,
arms and other body parts
The nasal mucosa becomes congested and swollen, and conditions like severe pyaemia,
metastatic pneumonia, muscular abscessation and diarrhoea set in leading to emaciation
and collapse.
In chronic cases, these symptoms last for several days to months
19. Diagnosis:
Physical examination of animals: Cardinal sign and symptoms of disease
Clinical signs alone are not sufficient to obtain a final diagnosis, especially in the first stage
of the disease
To confirm the diagnosis, laboratory test are required.
1. Identification of the agent:
a) morphology of Burkholderia mallei
b) Cultural characteristics
c) Identification of B. mallei by PCR: DNA preparation
2. Serological test: complement fixation test (CFT), accurate and reliable serological method
a) Antigen preparation
b) Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays
c) Rose Bengal plate agglutination test (RBT)
20. Before collecting or sending any samples, the proper authorities should be contacted
Samples should only be sent under secure conditions and to authorized laboratories to
prevent the spread of the disease
Isolation of Burkholderia mallei
Blood, sputum, urine or skin lesions
21. TEST FOR CELLULAR IMMUNITY:
3. Mallein test: hypersensitivity skin test. This test is not generally recommended because
of animal welfare, however it can be used in remote endemic area where sample transport
or proper cooling of sample is not possible.
Mallein (autoclaved whole culture of B. mallei protein) is injected (0.2ml) intradermal
palpebral. Infected animals, the eye lid swells within 1-2 Day. edema of eyelid, acute
conjunctivitis, photophobia with mucous discharge
23. Prevention and control:
To date , no treatment with veterinary drugs is capable to cure the disease
Control of glanders require early detection and diagnostic testing, screening of
apparently normal equid and elimination of positive cases.
Veterinary certificate is required to transport animals
Quarantine measures
Cleaning and disinfection of infected farms
Destruction by incineration of euthanized animals and any contaminated materials
Public education: owners must be educated about
a) contagious nature of disease
b)Limitation of treatment
c) Sanitary measure to be adopted.
Positive animals should be slaughtered-According to the provision of The Glanders and
Farcy Act XIII, 1899
. Surveillance and monitoring of the infected herd
24.
25.
26. Role of veterinarian on prevention of
glanders
Create public awareness on glanders
Surveillance of the glanders
Quick response on the glanders
Inform referral vet hospital as soon as possible
Recommends owners for isolation of the animal
Sensitize animal owners on bio security
Coordinate with Community health volunteer(FCHV) inform about it in order to
prevent human from the transmission.
Keep the records of suspected case.
IMMEDIATELY notify authorities
Federal (Area Veterinarian in Charge)
State (State veterinarian)
Quarantine
27. Additional Resources
World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)
www.oie.int
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
www.aphis.usda.gov
Center for Food Security and Public Health
www.cfsph.iastate.edu
www.fao.np.com/ Food and agriculture organization of the united nation
www.dls.gov.np