DIGNOSIS OF CANCER-BASIC

1. CANCER DIAGNOSIS
BY
A.MANOJ KUMAR

2. BIOPSY
Biopsy is medical procedure for the
diagnosis of cancer.
A sample of tissue taken from the
suspected area of cancer with the help of
fine tipped needle or thick hollow needle
or by surgical excision.
The tissue are then examined under the
microscope for the presence of cancer
cell.

3. TYPES OF BIOPSY
FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION
 A small amount of tissue is collected
from the suspicious area using very thin
hollow needle.
It can be also be used with image guided
biopsy.

4. CORE NEEDLE BIOPSY
This biopsy uses larger needle to remove a
large number of tissue sample.
VACCUM –ASSISTED BIOPSY
This type of biopsy uses suction to collect a
tissue sample through a specially designed
needle.
IMAGE GUIDED BIOPSY
 A needle (fine,core,vaccum-assisted) is
guided to a location deeper inside the body
with the help of an imaging techniques.

5. ENDOSCOPIC BIOPSY
An endoscopy is a thin lighter flexible tube
with a camera.
Endoscoper inserted into the body through
the mouth or a tiny surgical excision.
BONE MARROW ASPIRATION BIOPSY
Bone marrow has both a solid and liquid
part.
 A bone marrow aspiration involves
removal of sample using needle.
This procedure used to find out blood
disorder or blood cancer such as leukemia,
lymphoma and multiple myeloma.

6. ENDOSCOPY
Endoscopy is a imaging techniques consist
of a thin flexible tube with a tiny camera on
the end, inserted into the body cavities to
view the particular area of the body.
Eg-Colonoscopy-is a diagnostic
examination to look inside the large
intestine to see the abnormal growth or
polyps in the colon.
This procedure takes about 30-60min .
Laproscope- It is used look within the
abdomen.

7. BLOOD TESTS(blood marker)
The blood test are performed to detect the
normal and blood cells and as well as specific
tumour marker.
Some tumour release the substance called
tumour marker which can be detect blood.
Eg-Prostate cancer-It can be determined by
measuring the amount of Prostate specific
Antigen(PSA) in the blood.
Ovarian cancer- It can be detect by using a
tumour marker CA-125 which is released in
the blood.

8. PAPTEST
Paptest also called papsmear, detects the
cervical cancer this test involves collection
of sample from cervix and examined under
the microscope to identify abnormal cells.
Infection with Human Papilloma Virus
(HPV) is a risk factor for Cervical Cancer.

9. SPUTUM ANALYSIS AND
BRONCHIAL WASHING ANALYSIS
The cells of sputum and bronchial secretion
are analysed under the microscope for the
signs of lung and respiratory cancer.

10. IMAGING STUDIES
X-RAYS
X-Ray is a most common imaging
technique used to specifically detect the
small intestinal growth and breast.
This technique used the basic principle
of radiation to detect the images of the
body.
Eg-Mammagraphy-is a type of X-Ray
imaging of breast cancer.

11. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN
CT Scan are imaging techniques uses
Radioactive beams (X-Ray machine) to create
the 3D images of the body and provide
detailed computerized images.
The donor may suggest to inject a special dye
called contrasting medium into the patient
veins, to create the more detailed in the image.
CT Scan is used to detect the tumor, to
determine the stage of cancer, to known
whether cancers cell have spread to the other
place.

12. The area that are commonly used to scan
include Head,Neck,Abdomen,pelvis,Chest
and Limbs.
The major risk of this test is a radiation
exposure to multiple time.
MRI SCAN
MRI Scan is a imaging techniques.
MRI Scan uses powerful magnetic field
(powerful magnets and radio waves) to
produce detailed computerized images of
the body organ , tissue and blood vessels.

13. MRI techniques can also be used
contrasting dye to create or uptain a more
specific and clear image of the cancer.
MRI Scan is used to take images of the
brain, Spinal column , Abdomen , Chest
and breast.

14. POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
& COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY
PETs Scan are involves the injection of the
small amount of radioactive substance into
the organ or tissue.
The cancerous cell picks up a lots because
they tend to use more energy the healthy
cells.
This Scan shows were the radioactive
substances in our body.

15. SIGMAENDOSCOPY
It is imaging techniques.
The test used to look inside the 20 inch
longer sigmoid colon and rectum.
This test used to find out polyps , which
are small growth that can become cancer.

16. SONOGRAPHY OR ULTRA SOUND
It uses high frequency of sound waves to
determined the suspicious area of lump or
fluid.
These sound waves are transmitted into the
body and the converted into a computerized
image.
The Ultra sound also called as Sonography.
Sonography generates sound waves that the
organ or tissue and bounds back to the device
called Transducer(This converts the sound
waves into computerized image).

17. UPPER ENDOSCOPY
The upper endoscopy is a imaging
techniques uses thin flexible tube with a
tiny camera on the end.
It is inserted into the mouth and travels to
the Oesophagus.
It used to examine the upper part of
gastrointestinal track.

18. THANK YOU...