Falcon's Invoice Discounting: Your Path to Prosperity
UNEP E.CLARK - 15° Convegno Europeo
1. UNEP DTIE OzonAction
Phasing out HCFCs:
Challenges and
opportunities
Dr Ezra Clark
United Nations Environment Programme
Division of Technology, Industry & Economics
OzonAction Programme
Paris, France
ozonaction@unep.org
2008 CAP Advisory Group, Paris, 4-5 September 2008 OzonAction Programme
UNEP DTIE
2. Outline
Montreal Protocol - the link with climate
UNEP Activities
Opportunities and challenges
Sharing technology and policy information
2008 CAP Advisory Group, Paris, 4-5 September 2008 OzonAction Programme
UNEP DTIE
3. The Montreal Protocol
• A total of now 197 governments are party to this
multilateral environmental agreement (Universal
Ratification).
• Specific, time-targeted actions to reduce and
eliminate the production and consumption of ozone
depleting substances.
• Multilateral Fund for implementation of the
Montreal Protocol provides the resources
2008 CAP Advisory Group, Paris, 4-5 September 2008 OzonAction Programme
UNEP DTIE
4. Ozone and Climate benefits
Velders et al., PNAS, 2007
2008 CAP Advisory Group, Paris, 4-5 September 2008
5. Explicit Link with Climate:
Montreal Adjustment of 2007
Acceleration of HCFC phase out deadlines…
Promote the selection of alternatives to HCFCs
that minimize environmental impacts, in
particular impacts on climate,
Give priority to cost-effective projects and
programmes which would also focus on
substitutes and alternatives that minimize other
impacts on the environment, including on the
climate, taking into account global-warming
potential, energy use and other relevant factors.
MOP Decision XIX/6
2008 CAP Advisory Group, Paris, 4-5 September 2008
6. UNEP DTIE OzonAction Branch
• Mission
• Assist developing countries & countries with
economies in transition (CEITs) to achieve &
sustain compliance with the Montreal Protocol
• Areas of work
• Developing countries - Implementing Agency of the
Protocol’s Multilateral Fund, through a Compliance
Assistance Programme (CAP)
• CEITs - Implementing Agency of the Global
Environment Facility
• Specific partnerships with bilateral agencies
2008 CAP Advisory Group, Paris, 4-5 September 2008
8. The HCFC phase out (Agreed in 2007)
Developing countries (production and consumption):
• Freeze at 2009-2010 level by 2013
• Phase-out 10% by 2015
• 35 percent by 2020
• 67.5 percent by 2025
• 100 percent by 2030
• with 2.5 percent allowed, if necessary, for servicing existing
equipment until 2040.
Developed countries must completely eliminate HCFC
production and consumption by 2020
2008 CAP Advisory Group, Paris, 4-5 September 2008 OzonAction Programme
UNEP DTIE
9. Multilateral Fund and HPMPs
HPMP - HCFC Phase out Management Plans
For all developing countries – Funded by the
Multilateral Fund –
HPMPs comprise following components:
•Policy and legislation actions, e.g. to develop new
or extend existing legislation regarding HCFC,
products containing HCFCs, quotas, and licences
•Survey of HCFC use and analysis of data
…
2008 CAP Advisory Group, Paris, 4-5 September 2008
10. Multilateral Fund and HPMPs
Components…
• A country-specific overarching strategy for the phase-
out of HCFCs by 2030 and a detailed action plan
Legal and economic incentives
Training (e.g. technicians, enforcement)
Public awareness
Sector-specific activities
• Where appropriate - Development of investment
activities for the HCFC-consuming manufacturing
sectors
UNEP is implementing ~70 HPMPs
2008 CAP Advisory Group, Paris, 4-5 September 2008
11. HCFC phase-out challenges
• Technology selection
• Fulfilling MOP Decision XIX/6
• Funding for climate elements
• Not replacing with high GWP
alternatives
• High ambient temperature conditions
• Room AC (e.g. HC)
• End of life issues
2008 CAP Advisory Group, Paris, 4-5 September 2008
12. Technical Options in RAC
• Several low and medium GWP alternatives considered as replacements
for HCFC-22.
o Lower GWP HFC refrigerants (HFC-32, HFC-152a, HFC-161,
HFC- 1234yf and other unsaturated fluorochemicals, as well as
blends of them),
o HC-290 and R-744 (CO2).
• In commercial refrigeration stand-alone equipment, hydrocarbons (HCs)
and R-744 (CO2) are gaining market shares in Europe and in Japan; they
are replacing HFC-134a, which is the dominant choice in most countries.
• In many developed countries, R-404A and R-507A have been the main
replacements for HCFC-22 in supermarkets, however, because of their
high GWP, a number of other options are now being introduced.
2010 REPORT OF THE REFRIGERATION, AIR CONDITIONING AND
HEAT PUMPS TECHNICAL OPTIONS COMMITTEE
2008 CAP Advisory Group, Paris, 4-5 September 2008
13. Technical Options in RAC
• In two stage systems centralised systems for supermarkets in Europe, R-744
(CO2) is used at the low-temperature level and HFC-134a, R-744 and HCs at
the medium temperature level.
• In industrial refrigeration, R-717 (ammonia) and HCFC-22 are still the most
common refrigerants; R-744 (CO2) is gaining in low-temperature, cascaded
systems where it primarily replaces R-717 (ammonia), though the market
volume is small.
• In air-to-air air conditioning, HFC blends, primarily R-410A, but to a limited
degree also R- 407C, are still the dominant near-term replacements for HCFC-22
in air-cooled systems.
• HC- 290 is also being used to replace HCFC-22 in low charge split system,
window and portable air conditioners in some countries. Most Article 5 countries
are continuing to utilise HCFC-22 as the predominant refrigerant in air
conditioning applications.
• Up to now, car manufacturers and suppliers have evaluated several refrigerant
options for new car (and truck) air conditioning systems including R-744, (CO2)
HFC-152a and HFC-1234yf, all with GWPs below the EU threshold of 150
2008 CAP Advisory Group, Paris, 4-5 September 2008
14. An unprecedented opportunity to
adopt ozone and climate friendly
technologies and policies?
The dual gains for the ozone layer and
climate system will be realised only if
countries choose the technology options
which enable this and may not be the
‘business as usual’ option and which may
require additional consideration by those
making the decision
2008 CAP Advisory Group, Paris, 4-5 September 2008 OzonAction Programme
UNEP DTIE
15. HFC amendment proposal
• In 2009, the Federated States of Micronesia and
Mauritius (plus others) submitted a proposal to
amend the Montreal Protocol to phase down the
production and consumption of high-GWP HFCs.
• Mexico, Canada and the US also submitted a
similar proposal to phase-down HFCs later that
year.
• Proposals have been submitted in subsequent
years.
• At the 2011 Meeting of the Parties, 108 Parties
supported a declaration calling for low-GWP
alternatives for HFCs.
• The issue will be re-visited in 2012.
2008 CAP Advisory Group, Paris, 4-5 September 2008
16. HFCs: A Critical Link in
Protecting Climate and
the Ozone Layer
• The climate benefits of the Montreal
Protocol may be offset by increases in
HFCs
• There are options available to minimize
the climate influence of HFCs
• To further analyze technical and
regulatory barriers, and how to overcome
them
• Examine the ‘life-cycle’ impacts of
various options to ensure that they do not
have unacceptable side effects on society or
the environment
http://www.unep.org/dewa/Portals/67/pdf/HFC_report.pdf
2008 CAP Advisory Group, Paris, 4-5 September 2008
17. Barriers to
adoption of low
GWP alternatives
“The technical options are
universal, but local laws,
regulations, standards, economics,
competitive situations and other
factors influence regional and local
choices.”
2010 REPORT OF THE REFRIGERATION, AIR
CONDITIONING AND HEAT PUMPS TECHNICAL
OPTIONS COMMITTEE
2008 CAP Advisory Group, Paris, 4-5 September 2008
18. Resources:
Assistance
Assistance through UNEP’s Compliance assistance
programme
Information tools
For technicians and servicing personnel, Customs
and enforcement
Trainings
For technicians and servicing personnel, Customs
and enforcement
HCFC Help Centre
An information resource supporting the preparation
of HCFC Phase out Management Plans
2008 CAP Advisory Group, Paris, 4-5 September 2008 OzonAction Programme
UNEP DTIE
19. We invite you to provide:
• Policy and technical case studies where non-
ODP and low to zero GWP alternatives have
been adopted
• Developed and developing country
experiences
• Information/examples of barriers to adoption
of technologies
www.unep.fr/ozonaction/topics/hcfc.asp UNEP DTIE OzonAction Programme
