SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 30
Logistics Excellence: 
Creating a harmonious performance 
Dr. Marco Tieman 
(CEO LBB International & Adjunct Professor Universiti Tun Abdul Razak) 
Kuala Lumpur, 26 August 2014
www.lbbinternational.com 
2 
Agenda 
Introduction 
Organising your supply chain 
How to get started 
Conclusion
www.lbbinternational.com 
Introduction
A harmonious performance ... 
www.lbbinternational.com
Logistics Excellence is the art of a 
conductor in front of the orchestra, 
recognising the specific qualities of the 
players in the orchestra (read: supply chain 
partners) and knowing how to weld these 
together into a harmonious performance. 
www.lbbinternational.com
Using the specific qualities of the various 
players, the conductor composes and 
implements best practice solutions to 
form a balanced symphony. 
www.lbbinternational.com
Logistics excellence is reached when the 
company has (1) short supply chain 
lead-times, (2) low variation in the 
supply chain, and (3) low waste in the 
supply chain. 
www.lbbinternational.com
How fit is your supply chain? 
www.lbbinternational.com
Organising your supply chain 
www.lbbinternational.com
www.lbbinternational.com 
© 2012 LBB International 
Supply chain model
Supply chain strategy 
Sourcing/Purchasing 
Strategy 
www.lbbinternational.com 
Brand 
Brand 
Production & Distribution 
Value/Commercial 
Value/Commercial 
Strategy 
Strategy 
Production & Distribution 
Strategy 
Strategy 
Sourcing/Purchasing 
Strategy
Supply chain objectives 
 Customer service objectives (order cycle 
time, inventory availability, order fill rate) 
 Logistics objectives (reduce lead-times, 
improve deliver reliability & flexibility, and 
reduce integral supply chain costs) 
www.lbbinternational.com
Product characteristics 
Inventory 
Transporta-tion 
& Storage 
1 10 100 
10,000 
1,000 
www.lbbinternational.com 
Handling 
Value density 
Packing density 
100 
Source: Goor et al. (1999)
Market requirements 
What value we offer in the eyes of the customer… 
 Taste 
 Preferences (flowers): stalk/stem (short, long), 
flower bud (open, closed) 
 Halal: Muslim vs. non-Muslim country 
 Packaging (colour, materials, portions) & labelling 
www.lbbinternational.com
Logistics control 
= Planning, coordinating and 
conducting processes and activities 
within a chain. 
www.lbbinternational.com
www.lbbinternational.com Where is my Customer Order 
Decoupling Point (CODP)? 
Logistics control
Logistics control 
 Customisation -> CODP upstream -> need for 
fast, frequent and order driven delivery 
 Floating stock -> CODP downstream -> pipeline 
becomes virtual distribution centre 
www.lbbinternational.com 
CODP
Supply chain resources 
 Culture 
 Organisation structure & 
interdependencies 
 ICT = qualifier! 
www.lbbinternational.com
Supply chain business processes 
www.lbbinternational.com 
Source: Lambert et al. (1998) 19
Supply chain network structure 
www.lbbinternational.com
Supply chain peformance 
 Efficiency (cost, profit, ROI) 
 Effectiveness (brand, complaints, 
waste) 
 Flexibility (mix flexibility, volume 
flexibility) 
 Responsiveness (lead-time) 
 Robust (rejects, availability 
of assets) 
www.lbbinternational.com
Organising your supply chain 
www.lbbinternational.com 
STRATEGIC 
FIT! 
© 2012 LBB International 
ALIGNMENT! ALIGNMENT!
www.lbbinternational.com 
How to get started
The FIRST STEP is to map the current 
supply chain (AS-IS) for the organisation 
and measure its performance, strategic 
fit and degree of alignment. 
www.lbbinternational.com
The SECOND STEP is to design the 
future supply chain (TO-BE) for the 
organisation with its targeted 
performance. 
www.lbbinternational.com
The THIRD STEP is to improve the 
‘fitness’ of the organisation: 
(1)identify quick wins -> motivation 
(2)training of staff -> capabilities 
(3)involve management -> endurance 
(4)establish project teams -> 
implementation power 
(5)establish a conductor -> 
coordination 
www.lbbinternational.com
The FOURTH STEP is to implement 
improvement programs, in order to (1) 
shorten its supply chain lead-times, reduce 
its variation and waste; (2) establish 
strategic fit; and (3) ensure alignment with 
its markets. 
www.lbbinternational.com
www.lbbinternational.com 
Conclusion
Logistics excellence is the art of a conductor 
in front of the orchestra, recognising the 
specific qualities of the players in the 
orchestra and knowing how to weld these 
together into a harmonious performance. 
Logistics excellence can be achieved by four 
steps: (1) AS-IS analysis, (2) TO-BE design, 
(3) improving the fitness of the organisation, 
and (4) effective implementation. 
For more information on logistics 
excellence, please contact us! 
www.lbbinternational.com
Thank you 
LBB International 
B-5-8 Plaza Mont Kiara 
Mont Kiara 
50480 Kuala Lumpur 
Malaysia 
Dr. Marco Tieman 
Chief Executive Officer 
marco@lbbinternational.com 
www.lbbinternational.com 
www.logisticsexcellence.blogspot.com

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

Distribution channel &_physical_distribution.pptx [repaired]
Distribution channel &_physical_distribution.pptx [repaired]Distribution channel &_physical_distribution.pptx [repaired]
Distribution channel &_physical_distribution.pptx [repaired]
Jags Jagdish
 

La actualidad más candente (11)

Halal Certification in ASEAN
Halal Certification in ASEANHalal Certification in ASEAN
Halal Certification in ASEAN
 
International logistics-management-1220943204514096-9
International logistics-management-1220943204514096-9International logistics-management-1220943204514096-9
International logistics-management-1220943204514096-9
 
McDonald's supply chain
McDonald's supply chainMcDonald's supply chain
McDonald's supply chain
 
Logistics and Transportation
Logistics and Transportation Logistics and Transportation
Logistics and Transportation
 
Conférence de l'Union Mondiale des Marchés de Gros le 23 mai à Helsinki : la...
 Conférence de l'Union Mondiale des Marchés de Gros le 23 mai à Helsinki : la... Conférence de l'Union Mondiale des Marchés de Gros le 23 mai à Helsinki : la...
Conférence de l'Union Mondiale des Marchés de Gros le 23 mai à Helsinki : la...
 
The Strategic for Formation of Inter Organizational Network towards Global Ma...
The Strategic for Formation of Inter Organizational Network towards Global Ma...The Strategic for Formation of Inter Organizational Network towards Global Ma...
The Strategic for Formation of Inter Organizational Network towards Global Ma...
 
Distribution channel &_physical_distribution.pptx [repaired]
Distribution channel &_physical_distribution.pptx [repaired]Distribution channel &_physical_distribution.pptx [repaired]
Distribution channel &_physical_distribution.pptx [repaired]
 
Introduction to Logistics Demo class
Introduction to Logistics  Demo classIntroduction to Logistics  Demo class
Introduction to Logistics Demo class
 
Total distribution concept and inteal logistics management
Total distribution concept and inteal logistics managementTotal distribution concept and inteal logistics management
Total distribution concept and inteal logistics management
 
International logistics
International logisticsInternational logistics
International logistics
 
Packaging Matters for Food Safety and Your Brands-Quentin Yan
Packaging Matters for Food Safety and Your Brands-Quentin YanPackaging Matters for Food Safety and Your Brands-Quentin Yan
Packaging Matters for Food Safety and Your Brands-Quentin Yan
 

Similar a Logistics excellence: creating a harmonious performance

Level TwoSupply Chain ManagementLecture 6 Fleet & T.docx
Level TwoSupply Chain ManagementLecture 6 Fleet & T.docxLevel TwoSupply Chain ManagementLecture 6 Fleet & T.docx
Level TwoSupply Chain ManagementLecture 6 Fleet & T.docx
smile790243
 
Supply Chain Management
Supply Chain ManagementSupply Chain Management
Supply Chain Management
Anupam Basu
 
Lecture 5 industry studies student
Lecture 5   industry studies  studentLecture 5   industry studies  student
Lecture 5 industry studies student
moduledesign
 
The Dubai Logistics Industry
The Dubai Logistics IndustryThe Dubai Logistics Industry
The Dubai Logistics Industry
Akash Jauhari
 
Implementing integrated supply chain
Implementing integrated supply chainImplementing integrated supply chain
Implementing integrated supply chain
Dr Lendy Spires
 
Benintende - SCM - Logistics Interview
Benintende - SCM - Logistics InterviewBenintende - SCM - Logistics Interview
Benintende - SCM - Logistics Interview
Francis Benintende
 
WK9 Logistics Lecture
WK9  Logistics  LectureWK9  Logistics  Lecture
WK9 Logistics Lecture
AjOb
 

Similar a Logistics excellence: creating a harmonious performance (20)

Level TwoSupply Chain ManagementLecture 6 Fleet & T.docx
Level TwoSupply Chain ManagementLecture 6 Fleet & T.docxLevel TwoSupply Chain ManagementLecture 6 Fleet & T.docx
Level TwoSupply Chain ManagementLecture 6 Fleet & T.docx
 
Study of supply chain management with special reference to fed ex
Study  of  supply  chain  management  with  special reference to fed exStudy  of  supply  chain  management  with  special reference to fed ex
Study of supply chain management with special reference to fed ex
 
Supply Chain Management
Supply Chain ManagementSupply Chain Management
Supply Chain Management
 
Integrated logistics and supply chain framework
Integrated logistics and supply chain frameworkIntegrated logistics and supply chain framework
Integrated logistics and supply chain framework
 
01 Logistics - Introduction and classification of logistics.pptx
01 Logistics - Introduction and classification of logistics.pptx01 Logistics - Introduction and classification of logistics.pptx
01 Logistics - Introduction and classification of logistics.pptx
 
Lecture 5 industry studies student
Lecture 5   industry studies  studentLecture 5   industry studies  student
Lecture 5 industry studies student
 
The Dubai Logistics Industry
The Dubai Logistics IndustryThe Dubai Logistics Industry
The Dubai Logistics Industry
 
Implementing integrated supply chain
Implementing integrated supply chainImplementing integrated supply chain
Implementing integrated supply chain
 
PPT for Logistic Management unit 1 and unit 2 and unit 3
PPT for Logistic Management unit 1 and unit 2 and unit 3PPT for Logistic Management unit 1 and unit 2 and unit 3
PPT for Logistic Management unit 1 and unit 2 and unit 3
 
Benintende - SCM - Logistics Interview
Benintende - SCM - Logistics InterviewBenintende - SCM - Logistics Interview
Benintende - SCM - Logistics Interview
 
Masters thesis outline - word format
Masters thesis  outline - word formatMasters thesis  outline - word format
Masters thesis outline - word format
 
Thesis 5-31-11
Thesis 5-31-11Thesis 5-31-11
Thesis 5-31-11
 
SUPPLY CHAIN OVERVIEW
SUPPLY CHAIN OVERVIEWSUPPLY CHAIN OVERVIEW
SUPPLY CHAIN OVERVIEW
 
Topic 1 Logistics and SCM (1).pptx
Topic 1 Logistics and SCM (1).pptxTopic 1 Logistics and SCM (1).pptx
Topic 1 Logistics and SCM (1).pptx
 
Bbr502 – logistics management
Bbr502 – logistics managementBbr502 – logistics management
Bbr502 – logistics management
 
Supply chain management-Introduction-Part 1
Supply chain management-Introduction-Part 1Supply chain management-Introduction-Part 1
Supply chain management-Introduction-Part 1
 
Content 2855
Content 2855Content 2855
Content 2855
 
In House Project on Safexpress Private Limited.pptx
In House Project on Safexpress Private Limited.pptxIn House Project on Safexpress Private Limited.pptx
In House Project on Safexpress Private Limited.pptx
 
Trapping exception and failure stories in hub operation quality issues.
Trapping exception and failure stories in hub      operation  quality issues.Trapping exception and failure stories in hub      operation  quality issues.
Trapping exception and failure stories in hub operation quality issues.
 
WK9 Logistics Lecture
WK9  Logistics  LectureWK9  Logistics  Lecture
WK9 Logistics Lecture
 

Último

unwanted pregnancy Kit [+918133066128] Abortion Pills IN Dubai UAE Abudhabi
unwanted pregnancy Kit [+918133066128] Abortion Pills IN Dubai UAE Abudhabiunwanted pregnancy Kit [+918133066128] Abortion Pills IN Dubai UAE Abudhabi
unwanted pregnancy Kit [+918133066128] Abortion Pills IN Dubai UAE Abudhabi
Abortion pills in Kuwait Cytotec pills in Kuwait
 
Mckinsey foundation level Handbook for Viewing
Mckinsey foundation level Handbook for ViewingMckinsey foundation level Handbook for Viewing
Mckinsey foundation level Handbook for Viewing
Nauman Safdar
 
The Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai Kuwait
The Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai KuwaitThe Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai Kuwait
The Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai Kuwait
daisycvs
 
Jual Obat Aborsi ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan Cytotec
Jual Obat Aborsi ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan CytotecJual Obat Aborsi ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan Cytotec
Jual Obat Aborsi ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan Cytotec
ZurliaSoop
 

Último (20)

HomeRoots Pitch Deck | Investor Insights | April 2024
HomeRoots Pitch Deck | Investor Insights | April 2024HomeRoots Pitch Deck | Investor Insights | April 2024
HomeRoots Pitch Deck | Investor Insights | April 2024
 
Falcon Invoice Discounting: Empowering Your Business Growth
Falcon Invoice Discounting: Empowering Your Business GrowthFalcon Invoice Discounting: Empowering Your Business Growth
Falcon Invoice Discounting: Empowering Your Business Growth
 
Call 7737669865 Vadodara Call Girls Service at your Door Step Available All Time
Call 7737669865 Vadodara Call Girls Service at your Door Step Available All TimeCall 7737669865 Vadodara Call Girls Service at your Door Step Available All Time
Call 7737669865 Vadodara Call Girls Service at your Door Step Available All Time
 
Escorts in Nungambakkam Phone 8250092165 Enjoy 24/7 Escort Service Enjoy Your...
Escorts in Nungambakkam Phone 8250092165 Enjoy 24/7 Escort Service Enjoy Your...Escorts in Nungambakkam Phone 8250092165 Enjoy 24/7 Escort Service Enjoy Your...
Escorts in Nungambakkam Phone 8250092165 Enjoy 24/7 Escort Service Enjoy Your...
 
Organizational Transformation Lead with Culture
Organizational Transformation Lead with CultureOrganizational Transformation Lead with Culture
Organizational Transformation Lead with Culture
 
unwanted pregnancy Kit [+918133066128] Abortion Pills IN Dubai UAE Abudhabi
unwanted pregnancy Kit [+918133066128] Abortion Pills IN Dubai UAE Abudhabiunwanted pregnancy Kit [+918133066128] Abortion Pills IN Dubai UAE Abudhabi
unwanted pregnancy Kit [+918133066128] Abortion Pills IN Dubai UAE Abudhabi
 
TVB_The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_May 6th, 2024_ENVol. 006.pdf
TVB_The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_May 6th, 2024_ENVol. 006.pdfTVB_The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_May 6th, 2024_ENVol. 006.pdf
TVB_The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_May 6th, 2024_ENVol. 006.pdf
 
Paradip CALL GIRL❤7091819311❤CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE WE ARE PROVIDING
Paradip CALL GIRL❤7091819311❤CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE WE ARE PROVIDINGParadip CALL GIRL❤7091819311❤CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE WE ARE PROVIDING
Paradip CALL GIRL❤7091819311❤CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE WE ARE PROVIDING
 
Pre Engineered Building Manufacturers Hyderabad.pptx
Pre Engineered  Building Manufacturers Hyderabad.pptxPre Engineered  Building Manufacturers Hyderabad.pptx
Pre Engineered Building Manufacturers Hyderabad.pptx
 
Getting Real with AI - Columbus DAW - May 2024 - Nick Woo from AlignAI
Getting Real with AI - Columbus DAW - May 2024 - Nick Woo from AlignAIGetting Real with AI - Columbus DAW - May 2024 - Nick Woo from AlignAI
Getting Real with AI - Columbus DAW - May 2024 - Nick Woo from AlignAI
 
Falcon Invoice Discounting: Unlock Your Business Potential
Falcon Invoice Discounting: Unlock Your Business PotentialFalcon Invoice Discounting: Unlock Your Business Potential
Falcon Invoice Discounting: Unlock Your Business Potential
 
Falcon's Invoice Discounting: Your Path to Prosperity
Falcon's Invoice Discounting: Your Path to ProsperityFalcon's Invoice Discounting: Your Path to Prosperity
Falcon's Invoice Discounting: Your Path to Prosperity
 
Dr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdf
Dr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdfDr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdf
Dr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdf
 
Arti Languages Pre Seed Teaser Deck 2024.pdf
Arti Languages Pre Seed Teaser Deck 2024.pdfArti Languages Pre Seed Teaser Deck 2024.pdf
Arti Languages Pre Seed Teaser Deck 2024.pdf
 
Mckinsey foundation level Handbook for Viewing
Mckinsey foundation level Handbook for ViewingMckinsey foundation level Handbook for Viewing
Mckinsey foundation level Handbook for Viewing
 
Buy Verified TransferWise Accounts From Seosmmearth
Buy Verified TransferWise Accounts From SeosmmearthBuy Verified TransferWise Accounts From Seosmmearth
Buy Verified TransferWise Accounts From Seosmmearth
 
PHX May 2024 Corporate Presentation Final
PHX May 2024 Corporate Presentation FinalPHX May 2024 Corporate Presentation Final
PHX May 2024 Corporate Presentation Final
 
The Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai Kuwait
The Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai KuwaitThe Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai Kuwait
The Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai Kuwait
 
Jual Obat Aborsi ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan Cytotec
Jual Obat Aborsi ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan CytotecJual Obat Aborsi ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan Cytotec
Jual Obat Aborsi ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan Cytotec
 
CROSS CULTURAL NEGOTIATION BY PANMISEM NS
CROSS CULTURAL NEGOTIATION BY PANMISEM NSCROSS CULTURAL NEGOTIATION BY PANMISEM NS
CROSS CULTURAL NEGOTIATION BY PANMISEM NS
 

Logistics excellence: creating a harmonious performance

  • 1. Logistics Excellence: Creating a harmonious performance Dr. Marco Tieman (CEO LBB International & Adjunct Professor Universiti Tun Abdul Razak) Kuala Lumpur, 26 August 2014
  • 2. www.lbbinternational.com 2 Agenda Introduction Organising your supply chain How to get started Conclusion
  • 4. A harmonious performance ... www.lbbinternational.com
  • 5. Logistics Excellence is the art of a conductor in front of the orchestra, recognising the specific qualities of the players in the orchestra (read: supply chain partners) and knowing how to weld these together into a harmonious performance. www.lbbinternational.com
  • 6. Using the specific qualities of the various players, the conductor composes and implements best practice solutions to form a balanced symphony. www.lbbinternational.com
  • 7. Logistics excellence is reached when the company has (1) short supply chain lead-times, (2) low variation in the supply chain, and (3) low waste in the supply chain. www.lbbinternational.com
  • 8. How fit is your supply chain? www.lbbinternational.com
  • 9. Organising your supply chain www.lbbinternational.com
  • 10. www.lbbinternational.com © 2012 LBB International Supply chain model
  • 11. Supply chain strategy Sourcing/Purchasing Strategy www.lbbinternational.com Brand Brand Production & Distribution Value/Commercial Value/Commercial Strategy Strategy Production & Distribution Strategy Strategy Sourcing/Purchasing Strategy
  • 12. Supply chain objectives  Customer service objectives (order cycle time, inventory availability, order fill rate)  Logistics objectives (reduce lead-times, improve deliver reliability & flexibility, and reduce integral supply chain costs) www.lbbinternational.com
  • 13. Product characteristics Inventory Transporta-tion & Storage 1 10 100 10,000 1,000 www.lbbinternational.com Handling Value density Packing density 100 Source: Goor et al. (1999)
  • 14. Market requirements What value we offer in the eyes of the customer…  Taste  Preferences (flowers): stalk/stem (short, long), flower bud (open, closed)  Halal: Muslim vs. non-Muslim country  Packaging (colour, materials, portions) & labelling www.lbbinternational.com
  • 15. Logistics control = Planning, coordinating and conducting processes and activities within a chain. www.lbbinternational.com
  • 16. www.lbbinternational.com Where is my Customer Order Decoupling Point (CODP)? Logistics control
  • 17. Logistics control  Customisation -> CODP upstream -> need for fast, frequent and order driven delivery  Floating stock -> CODP downstream -> pipeline becomes virtual distribution centre www.lbbinternational.com CODP
  • 18. Supply chain resources  Culture  Organisation structure & interdependencies  ICT = qualifier! www.lbbinternational.com
  • 19. Supply chain business processes www.lbbinternational.com Source: Lambert et al. (1998) 19
  • 20. Supply chain network structure www.lbbinternational.com
  • 21. Supply chain peformance  Efficiency (cost, profit, ROI)  Effectiveness (brand, complaints, waste)  Flexibility (mix flexibility, volume flexibility)  Responsiveness (lead-time)  Robust (rejects, availability of assets) www.lbbinternational.com
  • 22. Organising your supply chain www.lbbinternational.com STRATEGIC FIT! © 2012 LBB International ALIGNMENT! ALIGNMENT!
  • 24. The FIRST STEP is to map the current supply chain (AS-IS) for the organisation and measure its performance, strategic fit and degree of alignment. www.lbbinternational.com
  • 25. The SECOND STEP is to design the future supply chain (TO-BE) for the organisation with its targeted performance. www.lbbinternational.com
  • 26. The THIRD STEP is to improve the ‘fitness’ of the organisation: (1)identify quick wins -> motivation (2)training of staff -> capabilities (3)involve management -> endurance (4)establish project teams -> implementation power (5)establish a conductor -> coordination www.lbbinternational.com
  • 27. The FOURTH STEP is to implement improvement programs, in order to (1) shorten its supply chain lead-times, reduce its variation and waste; (2) establish strategic fit; and (3) ensure alignment with its markets. www.lbbinternational.com
  • 29. Logistics excellence is the art of a conductor in front of the orchestra, recognising the specific qualities of the players in the orchestra and knowing how to weld these together into a harmonious performance. Logistics excellence can be achieved by four steps: (1) AS-IS analysis, (2) TO-BE design, (3) improving the fitness of the organisation, and (4) effective implementation. For more information on logistics excellence, please contact us! www.lbbinternational.com
  • 30. Thank you LBB International B-5-8 Plaza Mont Kiara Mont Kiara 50480 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Dr. Marco Tieman Chief Executive Officer marco@lbbinternational.com www.lbbinternational.com www.logisticsexcellence.blogspot.com

Notas del editor

  1. Managed process links: the focal company integrates and manages process links with first-tier customers and suppliers, although it may be actively involved in the management of other processes beyond the first tier. Monitored process links: the focal company monitors or audits as frequently as necessary how the process links are integrated and managed between other member companies. Not-managed process links: the focal company fully trusts other supply chain members to manage the process link appropriately or, because of limited resources, leaves it to them. Non-member process links: non-member process tasks are links between members of the focal company’s supply chain and non-members of the supply chain.