comprehensive history of the famous scientist Sir Isaac Newton. This includes his early life, accomplishments and contributions, and conflict with other scientists.

1. January 4, 1643 - March 31, 1727
ENGLISH PHYSICIST AND MATHEMATICIAN

2. Early life and family
 Born in the Hamlet of Woolsthorpe, England in January 4, 1643.
 The only son of a prosperous local farmer, who died three months before he was
born.
 He was born premature and was not expected to survive.
 When he was 3 years old, his mother, Hannah Ayscough Newton, remarried a well-
to-do minister, Barnabas Smith.

3.  Young Isaac was left his maternal grandmother
while his mother moved to a neighboring village
with her new husband to raise a son and two
daughters.
 For nine years he was separated from his mother
until the death of her husband when he was
twelve.
 The experience left an imprint on Newton, later
manifesting itself as an acute sense of insecurity
making him anxious when his work was
published and irrationally violent when he
defended it accompanied Newton throughout his
life .

4. Education
 Newton was enrolled at the King's School in Grantham, a town in Lincolnshire,
where he lodged with a local apothecary and was introduced to the fascinating
world of chemistry.
 His mother pulled him out of school at age 12. Her plan was to make him a
farmer and have him tend the farm. Newton failed miserably, as he found
farming monotonous.

5. College Life
 Sensing the young man's innate intellectual abilities, his uncle, a graduate of
the University of Cambridge's Trinity College, persuaded Newton's mother to
have him enter the university.
 Newton enrolled in a program similar to a work-study in 1661, and
subsequently waited on tables and took care of wealthier students' rooms.

6.  When Newton arrived at Cambridge, the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century
was already in full force.
 During his first three years at Cambridge, Newton was taught the standard
curriculum but was fascinated with the more advanced science.
 All his spare time was spent reading from the modern philosophers in the library. The
result was a less-than-stellar performance.
 Newton graduated without honors or distinctions, his efforts won him the title of
scholar and four years of financial support for future education.

8.  Newton's first major public scientific achievement was designing and
constructing a reflecting telescope in 1668.
 He used his telescope to study optics and help prove his theory of light and
color.
 The Royal Society asked for a demonstration and the organization's interest
encouraged Newton to publish his notes on light, optics and color in 1672.

9.  Through a series of experiments performed in 1665
and 1666, in which the spectrum of a narrow beam
was projected onto the wall of a darkened chamber,
he denied that light is simple and homogeneous—
stating instead that it is complex and heterogeneous.
 Not everyone at the Royal Academy was enthusiastic
about Newton’s discoveries in optics and it’s
publication in 1672.
 Among the dissenters was Robert Hooke, he
criticized his methodology and conclusions in a
condensing way that Newton was affected enough to
experience a shriek of rage and an emotional
breakdown. Thus starting a rivalry between Newton
and Hooke, until Hooke’s death in 1703.

10. 
When Newton had sent a second piece of the optics to
the paper in 1675 it provoked new controversy.
Entitled “An hypothesis Explaining the Properties of
Light,” it was in fact a general system of nature. Hooke
claimed that Newton had stolen its content from him,
and Newton had another rage and breakdown.
Fun fact

11. Newton’s Three Laws Of Motion
 Newton first compiled his three laws
of motion, inertia, F = ma and action-
reaction, in his 1687 work Principia.
 They describe the relationship
between a body and the forces acting
upon it, and its motion in response to
those forces.
 Newton’s laws were verified by
experiment and observation for over
200 years and they still remain excellent
approximations at the scales and speeds of
everyday life.

12.  They laid the foundation of classical mechanics due to which it is
also widely known as Newtonian mechanics. Classical mechanics
describes the motion of bodies under the influence of a system
of forces and, since Newton, has remained a principal field of study
in mathematics as well as physics.

13. Universal gravitation
 In Principia, Newton formulated his law of universal gravitation which states that
any two bodies in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them.
 Among other things, the revolutionary law helped in explaining phenomena
such as the tides and trajectories of comets. Newton’s universal gravitation law was
superseded by Einstein’s theory of general relativity later, but it continues to be
used as an excellent approximation of the effects of gravity in most applications.

14. 
Upon the publication of the first edition of Principia in
1687, Robert Hooke immediately accused Newton of
plagiarism, claiming that he had discovered the theory
of inverse squares and that Newton had stolen his
work.
Fun fact

15. Invention of Calculus
 In 1665, Newton began to develop a
mathematical theory that later became
calculus, the mathematical study of change.
 Calculus gave mathematicians for the first
time a powerful form of analysis to find the
slopes of curves and areas under curves.
Today, it has widespread uses in science,
engineering and economics and can solve
many problems that algebra alone cannot.
 Though there was a long scientific
controversy between Newton and German
mathematician Gottfried Leibnizover who
invented calculus, modern historians
believe that they both invented it
independently.

16. Interest in religion and theology
 In the early 1690s he had sent Locke a
copy of a manuscript attempting to prove
that Trinitarian passages in the Bible were
latter-day corruptions of the original text.
 When Locke made moves to publish it,
Newton withdrew in fear that his anti-
Trinitarian views would become known.
 In his later years, he devoted much time
to the interpretation of the prophecies of
Daniel and St. John, and to a closely
related study of ancient chronology.
 Both works were published after his
death.

17. The Royal Society and Conflicts with Other Scientists
 In 1703, Newton was elected
president of the Royal Society
upon Robert Hooke's death.
 In 1705 Queen Anne
knighted him, the first
occasion on which a scientist
was so honored.

18.  In 1705, he published without
permission the notes of astronomer
John Flamsteed.
 Newton had requested a large
volume of Flamsteed's notes for his
revisions to Principia. Annoyed when
Flamsteed wouldn't provide him with
more information as quickly as he
wanted it and used his influence as
president fro the forced publication
of the data.

19.  The disgraceful episode continued for nearly 10 years.
 Flamsteed finally won his point and by court order had the printed
catalog returned to him before it was generally distributed .
 In this respect, and at considerable cost to himself, Flamsteed was
one of the few men to best Newton.
 Newton sought his revenge by systematically eliminating
references to Flamsteed’s help in later editions of the Principia.

20. Newton’s Death
 By the time he reached 80 years of
age, Newton was experiencing
digestion problems and had to
drastically change his diet and
mobility.
 In March 1727, Newton experienced
severe pain in his abdomen and
blacked out, never to regain
consciousness. He died the next day,
on March 31, 1727, at the age of 84