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1. Linguistics Phenomenon
When we import words from a foreign language, we often turn generic words into
specific words. I'm wondering if there is a name for the this phenomenon or
anything written about it.
Synaeresis
In linguistic, synaeresis (Greek σσναίρεσις) is the contraction of two vowels
into a diphtong (or long vowel). If synaeresis is used against convention, it may
serve as a rhetorical figure (a metaplasm). The opposite phenomenon is known as
diaeresis.
In historical linguistics, such contractions often result after the regular loss of a
consonant that used to separate the two vowels. In this case, the resulting vowel or
diphthong will typically carry a circumflex intonation."
Examples
Ancient Greek
In Ancient Greek, synaeresis is the pronunciation of two separate vowels as
a diphthong (αι /), and diaeresis is the separation of a diphthong into two
vowels (αϊ /a.i/).
Certain words in Proto-Indo-European had two vowels separated by the
consonant s or y (esu "good"). In Greek, this consonant changed to h (ehu), and
was lost between vowels (eu). In Homer, the two vowels were sometimes
pronounced separately (diaeresis: ἐ ΰ) and sometimes together (synaeresis: εὖ ).
Later inAttic Greek, they were always pronounced together.
Syncope
In phonology, syncope (pron.: /ˈ ŋkəpiˈ Greek: syn- + koptein “to strike, cut
sɪ /;
off”) is the loss of one or more sounds from the interior of a word, especially the
loss of an unstressed vowel. It is found both in synchronic analysis of languages
and diachronics .
For example :
In some verbs
Imir (To play) should become *"imirím" (I play). However the addition of the
"-ím" causes syncope and the second last syllable vowel "i" is lost. So, Imir
becomes Imrím.

2. In some nouns
Inis (Island) should become *inise in the genitive case. However, if one
looks at road signs one finds not *"Baile na hInise", but "Baile na hInse"
(The town of the Island). Once again the loss is of the second syllable "i".
It is interesting that if the present root form in Irish is the result of diachronic
syncope then there is a resistance to synchronic syncope for inflection.
Historically in old Irish, as a rule, syncope happened whenever the addition
of an ending gave rise to syncope.
Synalepha
A synalepha or synaloepha (pron.: /ˈ nəˈ fə/)[1] is the merging of two
sɪ liˈ
syllables into one, especially when it causes two words to be pronounced as one.
The original meaning in Greek is more general than modern usage, and also
includes coalescence of vowels within a word. Similarly, synalepha most often
refers to elision (as in English contraction), but it can also refer to coalescence by
other metaplasms: synizesis, synaeresis, or crasis.
Examples
Spanish and Italian use synalepha very frequently in poetry. As for instance in
this hendecasyllable (11-syllable line) by Garcilaso de la Vega:
Los cabellos que al oro oscurecían.
"The hair that endarkened the gold"
Diaeresis
The pronouncing of two successive vowels as separate sounds.
- naive
The diaeresis, umlaut, or more generically trema is a diacritic that consists
of two dots ( ¨ ) placed over a letter, most commonly a vowel. When that letter is
an i or a j, the diacritic replaces the tittle: ï.[1]
Strictly speaking, the words diaeresis and umlaut refer to two
distinct phonological phenomena. The diaeresis is used to denote the phenomenon
also known as diaeresis (pron.: /daɪ ˈ rɨ sɨ s/ dy-ERR-ə-səs), or hiatus, in which a
ɛ
vowel letter is not part of a digraph or diphthong.
ʊ
The umlaut (pron.: /ˈ mlaʊ t/ UUM-lowt) refers to a sound shift. The two diacritical
uses originated separately, with the diaeresis being considerably older.

3. Nevertheless, in modern computer systems using Unicode, the umlaut and
diaeresis diacritics are identical: ⟨ä⟩ represents both a-umlaut and a-diaeresis.
The two dots are also used as a diacritic in other cases, where they are neither
diaeresis nor umlaut
Dystmesis
A form of tmesis in which the compound is separated at an inappropriate or
unlikely position.
a whole another story
unbe-freakin-lievable
Tmesis is a linguistic phenomenon in which a word or phrase is inserted into the
middle of another, often coming between the parts of a compound word or splitting
an infinitive: „to boldly go‟ or even „Jesus H. Christ‟. Tmeses are often employed for
humorous effect, though a great many are unconscious uses of language in natural
ways.
A subset of tmesis, dystmesis occurs when the insertion is (somewhat
surprisingly, perhaps) between syllable boundaries within a word: „a whole nother‟
(‟whole‟ into „another‟). „A whole nother‟ may seem strange to see written out, but if
spoken in conversation would likely pass completely unnoticed.
Expletive infixation is a dystmesis where the inserted word is a profanity: „abso-
fuckin-lutely‟ or „guaran-god-damn-tee‟.
In a similar way, the (meaningless?) particles -iz- or -izn- are inserted into words in
hip-hop-slang: „hizouse‟ (for „house‟) or ‟shiznit‟ (for ‟shit‟), although these aren‟t
technically tmeses since -iz- and -izn- aren‟t words in themselves.
Apparently tmeses are common in Australian speech, where they‟re known
as tumbarumba.
Examples of tmesis for emphasis:
Representative English examples of the use of tmesis for added emphasis include:
Wh-words, words usually beginning with wh- that can be used as interrogative
words, can also be used as subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns.
When they express indefiniteness using the suffix -ever they can have the
intensifier so inserted between the two parts (the base word and the
indefinitizerever) to emphasize the indefiniteness: whatsoever, whosoever,

4. whomsoever, whosesoever, wheresoever, whensoever, howsoever. Unlike the
following examples, these are considered standard words in the language.
"Abso-fuckin-lutely" in which an expletive or profanity is inserted; see Expletive
infixation.
"Guaran-damn-tee" in which an expletive or profanity is inserted for humor
and/or emphasis.
"La-dee-freakin'-da", a variation of the above in which a less offensive infix is
substituted.
"Wel-diddly-elcome", a signature phrase of fictional character Ned Flanders',
where a nonsense word is inserted. Note the reduplication of part of the host
word (as opposed to "wel-diddly-come").
Onomatopoeia
The formation of a word by imitation of a sound made by or associated with
its referent.
"Oink," "Buzz."
Onomatopoeia is the imitation of natural noises by speech sounds. To understand
this phenomenon, we must realize that there is a problem here which is by no
means trivial. There is an infinite number of noises in nature, but only twenty-
something letters in an alphabet that convey in any language a closed system of
about fifty (up to a maximum of 100) speech sounds.
Anaphora
A reference to a preceding utterance.
"I took an apple and ate it."
In linguistics, an anaphora (pron.: /əˈ næfərə/) is a type of expression
whose reference depends upon another referential element. E.g., in the sentence
'Sally preferred the company of herself', 'herself' is an anaphoric expression in that
it is coreferential with the expression in subject position. Usually, an anaphoric
expression is represented by a pro-form or some other kind of deictic—for
instance, a pronoun referring to its antecedent. The term anaphor, an English
singular variant, is sometimes used to designate an individual use: "an anaphor is
a linguistic entity which indicates a referential tie to some other linguistic entity in
the same text."
Anaphora is an important concept for different reasons and on different levels.
First, anaphora indicates "how discourse is constructed and maintained". Second,

5. on the level of the sentence, anaphora binds different syntactical elements
together. Third, in computational linguistics anaphora presents a challenge
to natural language processing, since the identification of the reference can be
challenging. Fourth, anaphora "tells us some things about how language is
understood and processed", which is relevant to fields of linguistics interested
in cognitive psychology.

6. Introduction
Language is symbolic, yet its symbols are arranged in a particular system.
Almost all languages of the world have their own well-organized and highly
developed systems of arranging these symbols. Though symbols in each human
language are finite; they can be arranged infinitely, that is to say, we can produce
an infinite set of sentences by a finite set of symbols. Every language is a system
of systems. All languages have phonological and grammatical systems, and within
a system there are also several sub-systems. For example, within grammatical
system, we have morphological and syntactic systems, and within these two sub-
systems, we have still other sub-systems such as those of number, of mood, of
tense, of class etc.
We will look at examples of how the “same” linguistic forms provide varying
expressive opportunities across the dimensions of both space and time; this will be
a story of variations in cognitive strategies as they are played out both
synchronically and diachronically. Across space, cross-linguistically, the “same”
linguistic form provides varying expressive opportunities; we see the resulting
diversity expressed in dialect geography. Across time, diachronically, the “same”
linguistic form provides varying expressive opportunities; these variations are the
material of historical linguistics.

7. Conclusions:
Linguistic phenomena subtly and powerfully shape our reality. Our perceptions
about the world guide our decisions, and we shape our cognitive models of how
the world works--or should work--partly via our interactions with cultural
(philosophical, spiritual, folk, scientific or religious) ideas.
Culture communicates ideas primarily through language. We generally express our
feelings, thoughts, opinions and what we call "facts" verbally or in writing. It is not
the actual content of the expression we hear, however, which determines the
smooth integration of meaning in our own psyches. In a series of rapid cognitive
operations, we form hasty abstract associations in order to decode our personal
meaning in the message so that it might be assimilated into our existing schema--
or potentially modify it.
Linguistic phenomena in this report help us understand a little more about their
importance in logic and language, as we are for those who are starting to study
English for easy understanding when each words.

8. Index:
Pag.
Introduction…………………………………………………………………….3
Development………………………………………………………………….4 to 8
Conclusions…………………………………………………………………...9
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………..10

9. Bibliography:
https://www.wikipedia.com
https://www.grammar.about.com
https://www.depling.org
https://www.site.uottawa.ca

10. Republica Bolivariana De Venezuela
Ministerio Del Poder Popular para la educacion
U.E Colegio Miguel Otero Silva
5to año seccion “C”
Linguistics
phenomenon
Prof. Alumnas:
Mirna Calderon Cecilia Gómez nº35
María Alvarez nº07
Yelianni Medina nº04