INTERACTION IN LIVING THINGS

1. INTERACTIONINTERACTION
ANDAND
COORDINATIOCOORDINATIO
NN
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2. What do you remember?What do you remember?
 1. What senses does a predatory animal use when it1. What senses does a predatory animal use when it
hunts?hunts?
 2. What body part does the chameleon use to catch its2. What body part does the chameleon use to catch its
prey?prey?
 3.What type of living being moves more quickly: a plant3.What type of living being moves more quickly: a plant
or an animal?or an animal?
 4. Which of the following are involved in interaction?4. Which of the following are involved in interaction?
heart – roots – runners – brain - kidneys - bonesheart – roots – runners – brain - kidneys - bones
Autora: Marta García T.Autora: Marta García T.

3. The interaction function processes
1: Light makes a
bird visible to the
cat. The bird also
emits sound
vibrations
(chirping).
2: The visual and
acoustic signals
reach the cat’s
sensory organs.
3: The sensory organs
send the information
they receive to the
central nervous system.
• First, the receptor organs of living things capture information and
send signals to the processing centres.
Dibujos en la página 23 del libro.

4. The central nervous
system processes the
information received
and produces a
suitable response
(there is a bird there
and I’m going to try to
catch it).
• Then, the coordination centres process the signals from the
receptors and prepare a response.

5. The cat’s muscles, part of its
locomotor system, receive
the order to respond and
carry out movements in
order to try to catch the prey.
• Finally, the effectors receive the signals from the coordination
centres and carry out the response.

6. What is interaction?What is interaction?
Interaction enables living beings to receive andInteraction enables living beings to receive and
respond to a stimulus. It involves differentrespond to a stimulus. It involves different
elements:elements:
1. Stimuli.1. Stimuli.
2. Receptors.2. Receptors.
3. Coordination Systems.3. Coordination Systems.
4. Effectors.4. Effectors.
Autora: Marta García T.Autora: Marta García T.

7.  StimuliStimuli → Detectable changes in the internal or external→ Detectable changes in the internal or external
environment, which provoke responses. Stimuli can beenvironment, which provoke responses. Stimuli can be
Physical, Chemical or Biotic.Physical, Chemical or Biotic.
 ReceptorsReceptors →→ SensorySensory structures which detect external andstructures which detect external and
internal stimuli.internal stimuli.
In Animals, receptors are the sense organs.In Animals, receptors are the sense organs.
 In Plants, repectors are found in cells.In Plants, repectors are found in cells.
 Coordination SystemsCoordination Systems →→ Organs which processOrgans which process
information received by the receptors and produce a response.information received by the receptors and produce a response.
 EffectorsEffectors →→ Structures which produce responses, such asStructures which produce responses, such as
muscles and glands in animals.muscles and glands in animals.
Autora: Marta García T.Autora: Marta García T.

8. How do receptors work?How do receptors work?
SENSESENSE SENSE ORGANSENSE ORGAN WHAT STIMULI DO THEYWHAT STIMULI DO THEY
DETECT?DETECT?
HOW DO THEY WORK?HOW DO THEY WORK?
SIGHTSIGHT EyesEyes They detect light.They detect light.
SMELLSMELL Vertebrates: noseVertebrates: nose
Arthropods: appendageArthropods: appendage
They detect chemical substancesThey detect chemical substances
dissolved in air or water.dissolved in air or water.
TASTETASTE TongueTongue It detects chemical substancesIt detects chemical substances
dissolved in water.dissolved in water.
HEARINGHEARING EarsEars They detect sound, from very loudThey detect sound, from very loud
noises to soft musical notes.noises to soft musical notes.
TOUCHTOUCH Fish: lateral lineFish: lateral line
Arthropods: appendageArthropods: appendage
Most animals: skinMost animals: skin
They detect pressure, touch, pain andThey detect pressure, touch, pain and
temperature changestemperature changes
Autora: Marta García T.Autora: Marta García T.

9. Autora: Marta García T.Autora: Marta García T.

10. Coordination System: TheCoordination System: The
Nervous SystemNervous System
The nervous system receives information, interprets it,The nervous system receives information, interprets it,
and transmits a response to the effectors.and transmits a response to the effectors.
It is different for invertebrates and vertebrates.It is different for invertebrates and vertebrates.
Autora: Marta García T.Autora: Marta García T.
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11.  In vertebrates, the nervous system includes:In vertebrates, the nervous system includes:
The Central Nervous System (The Central Nervous System (CNSCNS)) → The Brain→ The Brain
and the Spinal Cord.and the Spinal Cord.
The Peripheral Nervous System (The Peripheral Nervous System (PNSPNS))→ Nerves→ Nerves
originated in the brain and in the spinal cord. Nervesoriginated in the brain and in the spinal cord. Nerves
can be:can be:
Sensory: go from the receptorsSensory: go from the receptors
to the CNS, carrying information.to the CNS, carrying information.
Motor: go from the CNS to theMotor: go from the CNS to the
effectors, carrying a response.effectors, carrying a response.
Autora: Marta García T.Autora: Marta García T.

12. Autora: Marta García T.Autora: Marta García T.

13.  Invertebrates have simpler nervous systems, for
example:
Ganglia system (nerve cells are joined by the nerveGanglia system (nerve cells are joined by the nerve
cord).cord).
Nerve Net system (nerve cells form a nerve netNerve Net system (nerve cells form a nerve net
extending throughout the animal).extending throughout the animal).
Autora: Marta García T.Autora: Marta García T.

14. • Found in cnidarians (polyps and jellyfish).
• They do not have a central nervous system. They just have a network
of interconnected neurons running along the walls of their bodies.
Network of neurons
Network of
neurons
A network of neurons
in a polyp

15. • Found in most animals:
• In a central nervous system, neurons are grouped together to form:
• Nerve centres, which are normally found in the head. They process
information:
• Ganglia: in molluscs and arthropods
• Brain and spinal cord: in vertebrates
• Nerves, which connect the sense organs to the nerve centres and these
centres to the effectors.
Central nervous system
Ganglia
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
The nervous
systems of a
mollusc and a
mammal
Types of nervous systems

16. EffectorsEffectors
They are organs which produce a response.
There are two types of responses to stimuli:
 MOTOR RESPONSES →The response is movement.
They are controlled by the motor system
 ENDOCRINE RESPONSES→ The response is the
release of hormones into the blood. Hormones control and
coordinate activities throughout the body. They are
controlled by glands.
Autora: Marta García T.Autora: Marta García T.

17. Autora: Marta García T.Autora: Marta García T.

18. Coordination In PlantsCoordination In Plants
 Plants do not have a nervous or an endocrine system.Plants do not have a nervous or an endocrine system.
Responses to stimuli in plants are coordinated byResponses to stimuli in plants are coordinated by
HORMONESHORMONES, which act as chemical messengers to, which act as chemical messengers to
respond to factors such as light, gravity, water andrespond to factors such as light, gravity, water and
temperature.temperature.
 Cells inside the organism detect stimuliCells inside the organism detect stimuli
Autora: Marta García T.Autora: Marta García T.

19.  There are two types of responses to externalThere are two types of responses to external
stimuli:stimuli:
1) Tropism →→ Permanent responses which producePermanent responses which produce
changes in the direction of the plant’s growth.changes in the direction of the plant’s growth.
Types:Types:
Geotropism:Geotropism: The responseThe response
is caused by gravity.is caused by gravity.
Phototropism: The response
is caused by light.
Autora: Marta García T.Autora: Marta García T.

20. Hydrotropism:Hydrotropism: The response is caused byThe response is caused by
water.water.
Thigmotropism:Thigmotropism: The response is causedThe response is caused
by contact.by contact.
Autora: Marta García T.Autora: Marta García T.

21. 2) Nastic Movements: are temporary responses2) Nastic Movements: are temporary responses
of particular parts of a plant to external stimuli.of particular parts of a plant to external stimuli.
Autora: Marta García T.Autora: Marta García T.