tools and measure

1. TOOLS AND MEASURES
1. Telescopes
2. Astrolabes
3. Spectroscope
4. Units of Measure
5. Software aided planetary
observation

2. TELESCOPE A telescope is an optical
instrument that aids in
the observation of
remote objects by
collecting electromagneti
c radiation (such
as visible light).
 The first known practical
telescopes were invented
in the Netherlands at the
beginning of the 1600s,
by using glass lenses.
 They found use in both
terrestrial applications
and astronomy.

3. TYPES OF
TELESCOPE USED
IN ASTRONOMY
There are several types of telescopes that are used today to study
the universe.

4. Images: NASA
RADIO
• Radio telescopes detect
noise from radio
wavelengths in space. It
turns out that objects in
space give off radio noise.
• These telescopes are able
to listen to all this noise
and process it into
information for
researchers to study.
• A radio telescope can
produce a picture from an
object it is listening to
from the noise is picks up
from that object.

5. NASA illustration of the
Chandra X-ray Observatory.
• X-ray telescopes are used
to study mainly the Sun,
stars and supernovas.
• X-ray telescopes work
better at very high
altitudes on the Earth's
surface, like on top of a
very tall mountain where
the atmosphere is thinner.
• They work even better in
space. This is because the
Earth's atmosphere
interferes with the x-ray
signals they receive.
X-RAY

6. Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory.
Image: NASA
• Gamma ray telescopes
are best used at high
altitudes like the x-ray
telescopes.
• This is also because
gamma ray signals are
disrupted and become
weaker when they enter
the Earth's atmosphere.
• Gamma ray telescopes
detect bursts of gamma
rays.
• They help astronomers
confirm events in outer
space like supernovas,
pulsars and black holes.
GAMMA RAY

7. The Hubble Space Telescope.
Image: NASA.
REFLECTOR
• The Hubble Space Telescope
(HST) is a reflecting telescope
and is currently the largest
space telescope there is.
• It is 43 feet long (13.1
meters) and weighs 24,250
pounds (11,000kg). Its
reflector is 94.8 inches in
diameter (240cm).
• The Hubble Space Telescope
was launched into space on
April 24, 1990, from the Space
Shuttle Discovery. It is still
operational.

8. REFLECTOR
• It has had some work performed on it from time
to time, such as installing new state-of-the-art
cameras. This wonderful telescope has brought a
wealth of information to researchers here on Earth.
• It has taken numerous spectacular pictures of far
away galaxies, nebulae, a green space blob,
beautiful dying stars (one that looks like a
butterfly), and amazing infrared and ultraviolet
pictures that show an incredible amount of detail.
• These pictures have allowed researchers to greatly
expand our knowledge of the universe.

9. These are some of the images captured
by the Hubble Space Telescope.
A Dying Star.
The mysterious green
space blob.
The Crab nebula.

10. ASTROLABE An astrolabe is a two-
dimensional model of the
celestial sphere.
 The name has its origins from
the Greek
words astron and lambanien me
aning “the one who catches the
heavenly bodies.
 An astrolabe is an instrument
that once was the most used,
multipurpose astronomical
instrument.
 Historically, astrolabes were
elaborately inscribed brass discs.
 The portability and usefulness
of an astrolabe made it
something like the multipurpose
"lap-top computer" of our
predecessors.

11. While the oldest known astrolabes were created a few centuries BC, possibly by
Hipparchus. They were improved and more features were added to them until the
Middle Ages, by which time they had become very complex instruments. The
Arabian astronomers made extensive use of the astrolabe. One of the best
descriptions of the astrolabe and its use was written in 1392 by Geoffrey Chaucer, in
England; the TOPS astrolabe is inspired from that text.
•position of celestial objects
•measure the time of the night (or of the
day, using it as a mobile sundial or, more
accurately by measuring the altitude of the
sun)
•measure the time of the year,
•compute what part of the sky is visible at
any time,
•determine the altitude of any object over
the horizon,
•determine the current latitude, and
•determine (very accurately) the NPS
orientation.
With an astrolabe, an astronomer could make quite accurate
measurements of the following things:

12. SPECTROSCOPE• SPECTROSCOPES are
instruments that
allow scientists to
determine the
chemical makeup of
a visible source of
light.
• The spectroscope
separates the
different colors of
light so that
scientists can
discover the
composition of an
object.
EARLY SPECTROSCOPE
SOLAR AUTOMATIC SPECTROSCOPE

13. Now, in order to really understand how this instrument works, we
need to review basic concepts of white light and its relation to color.
If we focus on light, in general, we will see that it consists of distinct
wavelengths.
• A wavelength is the
distance between two
crests or troughs. Each
color in light corresponds
to a wavelength.
• White light, just so
happens to contain all of
the colors (or the entire
spectrum) of visible light.
• Examples of white light
include our pals, the sun
and the stars.
Depiction of a Wavelength
in Relation to Light

14. What happens when you take a
spectroscope and place it in the
presence of white light?
 When the spectroscope comes into contact with white light, it splits,
or diffracts, the light into all of its colors. This causes each of the colored beams
to point in a different direction, allowing you to view each color as a single
narrow band. This band is often viewed as a dark line called the absorption line.
 Recall that a spectroscope allows us to determine the atomic makeup of visible
light sources. When an atom gets excited or happy, it emits light.
 This emission of light corresponds to a signature spectrum we call an atomic
spectrum, which is a spectrum made from a group of colored lines that are
formed when atoms become excited and emit light. By comparing this
signature spectrum to the absorption lines viewed by a spectroscope, we can
learn about the chemical makeup of an object.

15. Let's say we take the sun and decide to study the composition of
it by using a spectroscope. We determine the spectrum of the
sun as shown in the illustration below.
The dark lines, or absorption lines, we see from the
spectroscope can be compared to known atomic spectrums.
From this comparison we discover that the sun contains the
atom's hydrogen, sodium, and magnesium.
Although an example, you can see that the spectroscope can
be quite useful when the need arises to learn more about the
chemical makeup of material, such as that of the sun.
Spectrum of the Sun and Atoms Present in the Sun (Estimated)

16. What are the different ways a scientist can
use the spectroscope to learn about the
composition of light source materials?
Well, they can learn by measuring one, or all, of the
following:
 the actual color of light that is distinctly observed,
 the color of light that is reflected, and/or
 the color of light that is absorbed.

17. Now that we have defined a spectroscope and
understand its importance in science, let's take a look
at the main parts of a spectroscope.
An illustration showcasing the main parts of a spectroscope is depicted
below.
Spectroscope Design and Parts

18. UNITS OF MEASURE

19. ASTRONOMICAL UNIT OF TIME
The astronomical unit of time is the Day, defined as 86400 seconds. 365.25 days make
up one Julian year. The symbol D is used in astronomy to refer to this unit.
ASTRONOMICAL UNIT OF MASS
• The astronomical unit of mass is the solar mass.[1] The symbol M☉ is often used to
refer to this unit. The solar mass (M☉), 1.98892×1030 kg, is a standard way to
express mass in astronomy, used to describe the masses of other stars and galaxies.
It is equal to the mass of the Sun, about 333000 times the mass of the Earth or
1,048 times the mass of Jupiter.
• In practice, the masses of celestial bodies appear in the dynamics of the solar
system only through the products GM, where G is the constant of gravitation. In the
past, GM of the sun could be determined experimentally with only limited accuracy.
Its present accepted value is[3] G M☉=1.327 124 420 99 × 1020±1010 m3s−2
Jupiter mass
Jupiter mass (MJ or MJUP), is the unit of mass equal to the total
mass of the planet Jupiter, 1.898×1027 kg. Jupiter mass is used
to describe masses of the gas giants, such as the outer
planets and extrasolar planets. It is also used in
describing brown dwarfs and Neptune-mass planets.
Earth mass
Earth mass (M⊕) is the unit of mass equal to that of the Earth.
1 M⊕ = 5.9742×1024 kg. Earth mass is often used to describe
masses of rocky terrestrial planets. It is also used to describe
Neptune-mass planets. One Earth mass is 0.00315 times a
Jupiter mass.

20. ASTRONOMICAL UNIT OF LENGTH
• The astronomical unit of length is now defined as exactly
149,597,870,700 meters.[4] It is approximately equal to the mean
Earth–Sun distance. It was formerly defined as that length for which
the Gaussian gravitational constant (k) takes the
value 0.01720209895 when the units of measurement are the
astronomical units of length, mass and time.The dimensions of k2 are
those of the constant of gravitation (G), i.e., L3M−1T−2. The term “unit
distance” is also used for the length A while, in general usage, it is
usually referred to simply as the “astronomical unit”, symbol au or ua.
• An equivalent formulation of the old definition of the astronomical
unit is the radius of an unperturbed circular Newtonian orbit about
the Sun of a particle having infinitesimal mass, moving with a mean
motion of 0.01720209895 radians per day.[5] The speed of light in IAU
is the defined value c0 = 299792458 m/s of the SI units. In terms of
this speed, the old definition of the astronomical unit of length had
the accepted value:[3] 1 ua = c0τA = 1.49597870700×1011 ± 3 m,
where τA is the transit time of light across the astronomical unit. The
astronomical unit of length was determined by the condition that the
measured data in the ephemeris match observations, and that in
turn decides the transit time τA.

21. The distances to distant galaxies are typically not quoted in distance
units at all, but rather in terms of redshift. The reasons for this are that
converting redshift to distance requires knowledge of the Hubble
constant which was not accurately measured until the early 21st century,
and that at cosmological distances, the curvature of space-time allows
one to come up with multiple definitions for distance. For example, the
distance as defined by the amount of time it takes for a light beam to
travel to an observer is different from the distance as defined by the
apparent size of an object.

22. SOFTWARE AIDED PLANETARY OBSERVATION
• Aladin
An interactive sky atlas viewer to visualize digitized
astronomical images.
-View stars and deep space objects--all of them that
have been imaged. Actual images in different
wavelengths. Also density maps and other databases.
Excellent index of stars and deep space objects.
• Sky-Map.org
An online system to view a detailed sky map with
positions and characteristics of space objects.
-Image viewer of stars and deep space objects. Excellent
index of stars and deep space objects.
• SkyChart
An excellent open-source program enables you to draw
sky charts.
-Excellent index. Many images. Ephemerides for twilight,
planets, sun, moon, comets, asteroids, and solar and
lunar eclipses. Variable star observer. Telescope

23. • C2A
• Build detailed views of stellar fields for professional
and amateur astronomers.
-Great index. Many images in separate viewer. With
internet connection can download images from sky
surveys of the area in the viewer. Ephemerides for
planets, sun, moon, comets, and asteroids. Animated
ecliptic view of the sun, planets, asteroids, and comets.
Telescope controls.
• WorldWide Telescope
• A rich visualization environment functions as a
virtual telescope to enable explorations of the
universe.
-Attractive display. Telescope control available in
Windows Client.
• Stellarium
• Provides many visual effects, including the Milky
Way, twinkling stars, shooting stars, clouds and light
pollution.
-Stars shown in spectral colors. Very realistic displays
with atmospheric controls. Telescope controls. Fewer
images than either Skychart or C2A.

24. • Home Planet
• Excels at locating artificial satellites, comets and
asteroids with 256,000 stars in its catalog.
-Excels at comets, asteroids, and artificial satellites.
• Orbiter
• A fun interplanetary space ship simulator obeys the
laws of physics.
-Numerous space ships both real and fictional available.
Many destinations within the solar system available.
Obeys laws of physics.
• Celestia
• A space travel simulator lets you travel throughout
the solar system even beyond the galaxy
-Excellent space travel simulator. Additional stars, deep
space, and solar system catalogs and images available
as add in.

25. • 3D Space Tour screensavers
Animated 3D screensavers with cosmic scenes .
AA+
C++ implementation for the algorithms as presented in the book 'Astronomical Algorithms' by Jean
Meeus .
ASTRONOM
Planetary information software .
ATC Advancede Telescope Control
Telescope control and automated supernovae search .
AVIS FITS Viewer
FITS image viewer .
Aberrator
Star-testing software that can show all the common telescope defects (astigmatism, coma, pinch, tube-
currents, etc.)
Adastra FREESTAR
Accessible free planetarium with multiple viewplanes, accurate reports, live orbital tracking, and
astronomical dictionary .
Alcyone Ephemeris
An astronomial ephemeris calculator covering the period 3000 BC to AD 3500 that calculates
heliocentric, geocentric, and topocentric positions and much more .

26. • AstroGrav
Allows you to study how astronomical objects move and interact under the force of gravity .
AstroNotes
Minimalistic browser-based application for archiving and managing observing and imaging data .
AstroCalculator
Optical and Imaging calculator. Use for all aspects of Astrophotography from imaging characteristics,
resolution to exposure and more.
AstroPlanner
Observation planning and logging with telescope control .
AstroMB
Manage astronomical images and catalogs, allow robotic observations, astrometry and photometry .
Astromist
Palm OS astronomy tool which helps you to organize your observation session .
AstroExcel
Free astronomy Excel spreadsheet calculations and graphs .
Astrometrica
Software for doing astrometry of Minor Planets .

27. SOURCES:
• http://www.midnightkite.com/index.aspx?URL=Softwa
re
• http://www.techsupportalert.com/best-free-
astronomy-software.htm
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope
• http://study.com/academy/lesson/spectroscope-
definition-parts-uses.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe
• https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=unit+of+measur
ement&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj
zxLm126PTAhXGppQKHeJeDREQ_AUIBigB&biw=1700&
bih=827#imgrc=b3DJgjRfDEyf4M: