6. –Section 7- Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. In: European
Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2005.
“鈍的外傷によるCPA症例で,
神経学的予後良好は0.16%にすぎない.”
33. FAST
Focused Assessment of Sonography for Trauma
• 素早く, 何度も
• 1回1分以内で
!
• 感度: 73-88%
• 特異度: 98-100%
• 正診率: 96-98%
34. 気胸とUS(E-FAST)
外傷性気胸の超音波診断
波検査後の胸腔ドレナージによる脱気の有無で評価 合が低くなったことが一因と考えられる。
Table 1. Diagnostic performance of transthoracic ultrasonography and supine chest X-ray for detection of pneumothorax.
Study N P (%)
Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) PPV (%) NPV (%)
US X-ray US X-ray US X-ray US X-ray
Rowan, et al, 2002 35)
27 Ps 40.7 100 36.4 93.8 100 91.7 100 100 69.6
Kirkpatrick, et al, 2004 5)
226 Hs 19.0 48.8 20.9 98.7 99.6 87.5 90.0 90.9 86.7
Blaivas, et al, 2005 14)
176 Ps 30.7 98.1 75.5 99.2 100 98.1 100 99.2 90.4
Zhang, et al, 2006 37)
135 Ps 21.5 86.2 27.6 97.2 100 89.3 100 96.3 83.5
Soldati, et al, 2006 45)
186 Ps 30.1 98.2 53.6 100 100 100 100 99.2 83.3
Soldati, et al, 2008 31)
218 Hs 11.5 92.0 52.0 99.5 100 95.8 100 99.0 94.1
Brook, et al, 2009 34)
338 Hs 12.7 46.5 16.3 99.0 100 87.0 100 92.7 89.1
Nagarsheth, et al, 2011 47)
79 Ps 27.8 81.8 31.8 100 100 100 100 93.4 79.2
N: total number, P: prevalence of pneumothorax, PPV: positive predictive value, NPV: negative predictive value, US: ultrasonography, Ps:
patients, Hs: hemithoraces.
特異度はUSも胸写も高いが, 臥位の胸写の感度は低い
亀田 徹, 藤田 正人, 伊坂 晃ら. 外傷性気胸の超音波診断 − FAST から EFASTへ − 日救急医会誌. 2012; 23: 131-41.
35. 外傷性気胸の超音波診断
田 徹,他
,胸壁には呼吸性の動揺がないので平行線が多
出されるが,pleural line及びその深部に描出さ
多重反射よるアーチファクトには呼吸性の動揺
こるので砂浜様に描出される。Lichtensteinら
壁にあたる平行線の部位を砂浜に打ち寄せる波
え,seashore sign として報告している 30)
(Fig.
。一方,気胸の場合はpleural lineより深部のアー
ァクトにも呼吸性の動揺がみられないので,平
Acute respiratory distress syndrome(以下ARDS)23,37)
,無
気肺38)
,片肺挿管5,38)
では気胸がなくてもlung sliding
がみられないことが挙げられる。
2)Comet-tail artifact(B line)
Comet-tail artifactは,ある物質と,それを取り囲
む音響インピーダンスの極端に異なる物質の間で起
こる多重反射で,はっきりとした輪郭を持った線状
高輝度エコーのことを指す39)
。肺では,胸膜下の肺
Fig. 1. Longitudinal ultrasound images from the linear probe of the uninjured left anterior chest in a 70-year-old man
who presented with right lateral chest pain after falling from a ladder.
a: B-mode image shows the pleural line (white arrows) and a comet-tail artifact (arrowheads). Lung sliding was observed
with real-time images.
b: M-mode image shows seashore sign.
c: Color Doppler image shows presence of the Doppler signal on artifacts.
R: rib, IM: intercostal muscle
正常胸部
気胸
lung sliding (-)
seashore
barcode
気胸以外に
Lung sliding signが
消失する疾患
!
!
呼吸停止や減弱, 胸膜の癒着,
肺挫傷, COPD, 肺線維症,
ARDS, 無気肺, 片肺挿管
36. 下大静脈径(E-FAST)
• フランスのニーム大学病院 ICU(16床)に入室
した急性循環不全の患者(n=40)
• 敗血症(60%), 出血(28%), 脱水(13%)
• IVCの呼吸性変動と6% HES(ボルベン®
)
500ml 15分で投与に対する輸液反応性を調査
• 40%をCut offにすると, 感度 70%, 特異度 80%
Muller L, Bobbia X, Toumi M, et al. Respiratory variations of inferior vena cava diameter to predict fluid responsiveness in
spontaneously breathing patients with acute circulatory failure: need for a cautious use. Crit Care. 2012 Oct 8;16(5):R188.
spontaneous breathing patients [6,7]. Spontaneous ventila-
tion implies a very wide range of breathing patterns. In
patients with spontaneous ventilation, respiratory varia-
tions are highly variable from one cycle to another in a
given patient and between different patients. Then, influ-
ence of breathing pattern on cIVC is also variable. The
present results indirectly confirm that spontaneous breath-
ing is a natural limit for the use of a dynamic parameter.
Because previous studies have reported a good correla-
tion between cIVC and blood volume removal during
hemodialysis [17,24] or during blood donation [41], the
inability of cIVC to predict fluid responsiveness may be
surprising in spontaneously breathing patients with ACF.
However, monitoring blood volume during blood removal
is not the same as predicting fluid responsiveness. It has
values are poorly predictive, corresponding to higher
values of CVP [8,9].
The conditions of measurement of cIVC could be dis-
cussed. In the present study, the IVC diameter was mea-
sured by M mode at 2 or 3 cm from the right atrium, as
described in previous studies [17,18,22]. However, Wal-
lace et al. [43] recently showed that in spontaneously
breathing healthy volunteers, variations of IVC diameter
were significantly lower when recorded closed to the
Table 2 Causes of acute circulatory failure
Pathology Number of patients (%)
Sepsis 24 (60)
Intra-abdominal infection 10
Pulmonary infection 9
Pyelonephritis 5
Bleeding 11 (28)
Postoperative 7
Trauma 4
Dehydration 5 (13)
The total percentage is different from 100% because specific percentages
were rounded.
Figure 1 Individual values of inferior vena cava collapsibility
(cIVC) (%) after infusion of 500 mL of HES. The best cutoff value
is 40%.
>40%ならまず輸液
43. FFPとRCCの比率
Borgman MA, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, et al. The ratio of blood products transfused affects mortality in
patients receiving massive transfusions at a combat support hospital. J Trauma. 2007 Oct;63(4):805-13.
Table 1. Severe (AIS scores of 4 and 5) thoracic injuries were
more common in the low ratio group compared with in the
medium and high groups. All vital signs and laboratory re-
sults were comparable, except for hemoglobin, which was
significantly lower in the low ratio group compared with in
the medium and high groups.
In the first 24 hours of admission, the rate per hour of
crystalloid and RBC units administered was less in the high
ratio group compared with in the medium and low groups
(Table 2). The total amount and rate per hour of plasma as
well as the rate per hour of FWB was higher in the medium
and high ratio groups (p Ͻ 0.001). The low ratio group did
not receive aPLTs, which were only used in 27% of patients.
Cryoprecipitate was used more in the high ratio group (p Ͻ
65%
34%
19%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
(Low) 1:8 (Medium) 1:2.5 (High) 1:1.4
Mortality
Plasma:RBC Ratio Groups
Fig. 1. Percentage mortality associated with low, medium, and high
plasma to RBC ratios transfused at admission. Ratios are median
Ratio of Blood Products Affects Mortality in Trauma
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Low n=20 Medium n=18 High n=31
18.5
1
0.5
14
1 1
2
6
11.5
2.5
7
4
† 92.5 a
78 a
37 bHemorrhage %
Sepsis % 5 6 19
MOF % 0 11 13
Airway/Breathing % 860
CNS % 2.5 0 23
Time to death (hrs)2*
2 (1 – 4) a
4 (2-16) b
38 (4 – 155) c
Fig. 2. Comparison of the number and percentage of the primary cause of death for all of the deaths in each plasma to RB
Number on column represents absolute number that died from each cause listed. When two causes were listed for a patient, the
as 0.5. 2
Data presented in hours as median (interquartile range); *Mann-Whitney U test; †
Chi Square test. Values with differ
Ratio of Blood Products Affects Mortali
• USの軍人病院で24時間以内にRCC 10単位以上を輸血
された患者(n=246)の後ろ向き研究.
• 外傷で凝固異常を認める患者では, FFPを十分投与する
ことが生存退院への独立した因子であった.
44. 血小板製剤
• USのlevel 1外傷センターに搬送され, 24時間以内にRCC 10単位以上を輸血された患者(n=466).
• FFP, PC vs. RCCの比率をそれぞれ高低で(1:2で区切る)で, 4groupに分けた.
0.512 produced a new ␥ distribution with scale and shape DISCUSSION
Age (yr) 36 Ϯ 18 41 Ϯ 18 42 Ϯ 16 40 Ϯ 19 0.003
Men (%) 83 76 68 74 0.06
Blunt injury (%) 60 68 71 64 0.35
Admission SBP (mm Hg) 110 Ϯ 34 114 Ϯ 35 101 Ϯ 30 100 Ϯ 31 0.005
Heart rate (bpm) 118 Ϯ 29 114 Ϯ 27 113 Ϯ 26 110 Ϯ 27 0.2
Admission base deficit (meq/L) Ϫ12 Ϯ 9 Ϫ10 Ϯ 6 Ϫ11 Ϯ 6 Ϫ13 Ϯ 7 0.01
pH 7.2 Ϯ 0.2 7.2 Ϯ 0.2 7.2 Ϯ 0.2 7.1 Ϯ 0.2 0.35
INR 1.6 Ϯ 0.7 1.7 Ϯ 1 1.5 Ϯ 1.5 1.5 Ϯ 0.6 0.004
Admission temperature (°C) 36 Ϯ 1 36 Ϯ 2 36 Ϯ 1 36 Ϯ 2 0.09
Admission platelet count 197 208 217 211 0.46
Admission GCS 9 Ϯ 5 8 Ϯ 6 10 Ϯ 6 9 Ϯ 6 0.02
Injury severity score 30 Ϯ 14 35 Ϯ 18 32 Ϯ 17 32 Ϯ 17 0.06
Maximum head AIS 2 Ϯ 2 2 Ϯ 2 2 Ϯ 2 1 Ϯ 2 0.22
Maximum chest AIS 2 Ϯ 2 2 Ϯ 2 2 Ϯ 2 2 Ϯ 2 0.26
High plasma or platelet to RBC ratio Ն1:2. Low plasma or platelet to RBC ratio Ͻ1:2.
AIS indicates Abbreviated Injury Score.
FIGURE 2. Kaplan-Meier survival plot for the first 24 hours
after admission for the 4 groups (high plasma (FFPH) or
platelet (PltH) to RBC ratio Ն1:2, low plasma (FFPL) or plate-
let (PltL) to RBC ratio Ͻ1:2).
FIGURE 3. Kaplan-Meier survival plot for the first 30 days
after admission for the 4 groups (high plasma (FFPH) or
platelet (PltH) to RBC ratio Ն1:2, low plasma (FFPL) or plate-
let (PltL) to RBC ratio Ͻ1:2).
Holcomb JB, Wade CE, Michalek JE, et al. Increased plasma and platelet to red blood cell ratios improves
outcome in 466 massively transfused civilian trauma patients. Ann Surg. 2008 Sep;248(3):447-58.
57. 体温管理は重要
Wade CE, Salinas J, Eastridge BJ, et al. Admission hypo- or hyperthermia and survival
after trauma in civilian and military environments. Int J Emerg Med. 2011 Jun 23;4(1):35.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
30 30.5 31 31.5 32 32.5 33 33.5 34 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 38 38.5 39 39.5 40 40.5 41 41.6 42.2 42.9 44
Temperature (C)
Mortality(%)
Mortality (%)
Filter
Figure 1 Percent mortality at various body temperatures in patients with traumatic injuries as determined from the NTDB, n =
621,081.
Wade et al. International Journal of Emergency Medicine 2011, 4:35
http://www.intjem.com/content/4/1/35
Page 3 of 6
body temperature range and those with hypothermia
and hyperthermia (Table 2). Those patients with
hypothermia and hyperthermia had significant increases
in indices of injury, more ventilator days, and greater
lengths of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) and in
the hospital. Of note, there were no differences in phy-
siological indices such as systolic pressure and revised
trauma score (RTS), suggesting that differences in body
betw
cantl
Patie
great
Ther
pital
sever
diffe
effect
In
matic
cal in
incid
Bare
grou
hype
rate
Table 1 Percent mortality in civilian and military patients
Study population Hypothermia
(< 36°C)
Normal
(36°-38°C)
Hypothermia
(> 38°C)
Civilian 12.3% (47/382)* 2.3% (84/3,619) 14.1% (13/92)*
Military 11.0% (29/263)* 1.7% (66/3,804) 3.7% (12/327)*+
*Significantly different (p < 0.05) from normal.
+
Significantly different (p < 0.05) from civilian.