Chemical Reactions

CHEMICAL REACTIONS NAME

1. Write electron arrangements for atoms and their ions.
2. Explain why atoms form ions and determine the charge on ions
using electron arrangements.
3. Write the formula for, and name simple ions including sulfate,
nitrate, hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate and phosphate.
4. Identify and define a combustion reaction.
5. Describe some common fuels and their uses
6. Describe the conditions needed for complete and incomplete
combustion.
7. Write word equations for simple complete combustion reactions.
8. Define solubility in terms of a compound “breaking up” into ions
when it is dissolved in water.
9. Identify if a compound is soluble or insoluble using solubility
rules.
10. Identify and define a precipitation reaction
11. Write word equations for precipitation reactions.
12. Identify the precipitate in a reaction by using solubility rules.
13. Identify and define a decomposition reaction
14. Write word equations for simple decomposition reactions.

Monday, 7 June 2010

Material World (level 5)
• Properties of Materials MW props: Investigate the physical and chemical properties of different groups of substances.
For example acids and bases, fuels and metals. Distinguish between pure substances and mixtures and between
elements and compounds.
• Structure of matter MW struct: Describe the structure of the atoms of different elements. Distinguish between an
element and a compound, a pure substance and a mixture at particle level.
• Chemistry and society MW soc: Link the properties of different groups of substances to the way they are used in
society or occur in nature.
Specific Learning Outcome Suggested Learning Activities References
Learning to tell the Pretest -> Review the answers. Students will have marked their own work
difference between a Web link - on changes of state - use to elicit an understanding of what a
physical and chemical physical change is. -> Point out that a Chemical Change is different. Explain
reaction. that in a chemcial reaction a new substance is formed, the original substance is
used up and the reaction is not reversible.
Brainstorm: “Which of these is a chemical reaction?” -> Students write up in
booklets
Practical: “Physical or Chemical?” Students copy (& complete the method in
science books) -> perform & write up the prac.

Summary: Students complete the summary (including the brainstorm at the
end) -> Review

Revision: Recall the 1st Revision: Revise atomic structure (“REVISION”)
20 elements & explain Activity: First run “presenting the elements” with a focus on questioning
their position in the whether each element is a metal or a non-metal
periodic table --> Colouring in the periodic table.
Exercise: Explain the organisation of the periodic table --> “GROUP THERAPY”

Exercise: Students list the element names
Activity: Learn and recite the poem
Flashcards: Students cut out flash cards of the 1st 20 elements and test each
other as well as arranging them in order 1st and then arranged to resemble the
periodic table.
Game: “Element Bingo”
Relate Mass & atomic Mass numbers & Atomic numbers -> A different way of showing it
numbers to structure,
especially electron
arrangement

Monday, 7 June 2010

Explain why atoms form Exercise: Explain “Atoms to ions” -> students work through the exercise,
ions “IRONING OUT THE IONS”
Exercise (done as a class): Explain the organisation of the table of ions.
Explain that molecular ions form from groups of atoms that have gained or lost
electrons --> “GETTING TO KNOW THE -IDES & -ATES”
Exercise (done individually): “-ide or ate?” . Students copy the questions
and answer them in their exercise books.
Formulae for simple ions Explain that molecular ions form from groups of atoms that have gained or lost
electrons --> “GETTING TO KNOW THE -IDES & -ATES”
Exercise (done individually): “-ide or ate?” . Students copy the questions
and answer them in their exercise books.
Identify and define a Reading about Science
combustion reaction Practical: “Products of combustion” (lab. 1). Perform -> write up
Exercise: Students draw on what they learnt from the Reading about science
exercise and the practical to complete the cloze exercise: "What is combustion and
what are the products"

Describe some common RAS Alert - Demo: The hydrogen bomb - use this demo to point out that in some
fuels and their uses combustion reactions carbon dioxide is not produced. A fuel that produces only
water as a product is truly the fuel of the future.
Demo: “Collecting the products of combustion” - this allows the students to see the
products and brings them back to the idea that most fuels will produce Carbon
Dioxide and water. Donʼt write this up!
Exercise: “Common fuels and their uses”
Video: “Free Energy - Turning rubbish into fuel” ----> --->
Discussion: Drive a discussion towards pointing out the virtues of turning rubbish
into fuel. Rubbish contains carbon and carbon is everywhere. Ask “Where is the
carbon in Questioning: Where is the carbon in this room. -> Eventually it will
become rubbish. The process takes the large molecules (all containing carbon) and
breaks them down into smaller molecules that burn more easily. Not a very pure
fuel but diesel vehicles will run on them.

Monday, 7 June 2010

Describe the conditions Practical: Lab 2 - “Complete & Incomplete combustion” ----> discussion to explain Catalyst 3G: p70, 71
needed for complete and the meaning of complete and incomplete combustion. Why is the flame yellow?
incomplete combustion Why is the blue flame clean?
Cloze exercise: “Complete & Incomplete combustion”
Exercise:: “Global Warming” . Read as a class --> discussion relating to
Greenhouse gases. Methane is our biggest emmision. Talk about the Kyoto proticol
and carbon credits. Talk about trees as a means of offsetting Carbon DIoxide
emissions. Compare NZ (that has to buy credits) to Switzerland that owns carbon
credits and explain carbon credit trading. - Students copy & answer
Questions 1 to 3
Define solubility in terms Starter: Exercise - “The 3 Sʼs” - this will introduce the students to the terms
of a compound breaking “solvent, solute & solution”
up into ions. Discussion: With reference to the “SOLUBILITY” notes, define solubility in terms
of ions
Animation: Show the PHET animation that shows salt breaking up into ions as it
is added to water.
Exercise (done as a class): “SOLUBLE OR INSOLUBLE?” - Students use the
solubility rules to predict the solubility of 6 compounds
Identify if a compound is Starter: Sudents need to paste in the lab handout “Just add water!” and predict the http://
soluble or insoluble using solubility of the compounds whose solubility will be tested. www.chem.uiuc.edu/
the solubility rules. Practical: Lab 3 - “Just add water” webfunchem/solubility/
Interactive web activity: Review the results with the help of the chem.uiuc SolExp.htm
website (opposite)
Identify and define a Starter: Word searches: Hwk.1 & 2 -> finish 4 hwk. These have the words that will
precipitate reaction be tested in the language test
Theory: "WHAT IS A PRECIPITATE?" -> "WORD EQUATIONS FOR
Write word equations for PRECIPITATE REACTIONS"
precipitation reactions Practical: Lab 4: "ALL MIXED UP" Copy (if time) -> Perform -> Review
Identify a precipitate in a
reaction by using the
solubility rules
Identify and define a Starter: Crossword Puzzles: Hwk.3 & 4 -> finish 4 hwk. These have the meanings
decomposition reaction that will be tested in the language test.
RAS Alert: Aiming to introduce the importance of decomposition reactions. (i)
Write word equations for Baking ... “My daughter bakes ... Baking soda ... decomposition” (ii) “At the
simple decomposition hairdresser .... Peroxide” (iii) Limestone decomposition through volcanic activity ->
reactions Carbon Dioxide -> Plant life -> Oxygen production -> Life on earth”
Theory: “DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS”
Practical: Lab 7 - Heating Copper Carbonate
Monday, 7 June 2010 Demo: Demo 2 - “THE DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE”

Identify and define a Starter: Crossword Puzzles: Hwk.3 & 4 -> ﬁnish 4 hwk. These have the meanings
decomposition reaction that will be tested in the language test.
RAS Alert: Aiming to introduce the importance of decomposition reactions. (i)
Write word equations for Baking ... “My daughter bakes ... Baking soda ... decomposition” (ii) “At the
simple decomposition hairdresser .... Peroxide” (iii) Limestone decomposition through volcanic activity ->
reactions Carbon Dioxide -> Plant life -> Oxygen production -> Life on earth”
Theory: “DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS”
Practical: Lab 7 - Heating Copper Carbonate
Demo: Demo 2 - “THE DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE”
REVISION literacy test --> targetted revision: Questions on the board that mimic the test
questions.
TEST

Monday, 7 June 2010

Hwk 1/exercise WORD SEARCH - 1

Word List U R A X P X J V A J J B Z E T
proton I O N I C I W S N P O F L G Y
neutron
F P M M H H H T Q B R E C U J
electron
nucleus V V A B A N R S P R M F I K X
element U S W S T I N O I E L E M C N
atom S N O T O R P E N I N N O E V
ion W U A C M C D T U D L H T H U
ionic
cation
F C A V G K D H R T C M A G R
anion B L K N M O E A W U R S Z E L
atomic number W E E V I N J B B H E O B F A
mass number D U L F X O O F N P G M N S M
Q S T W M J N I I S U G H C E
E L E C T R O N T N W U Z K Q
I B J O N V O U O A W I H A T
X Y V F H W H M T U C S Y G W
Monday, 7 June 2010

Hwk 2 WORD SEARCH - 2

D N G N X F M N W C S B N P A
Word List F Y O D Z X T S O O J O T R L
formula Z J X I H V J M Z A I N V E U
configuration
S D B I T Y B L U T E Z F C M
combustion
hydrocarbon
A L C C B U D K A V D E H I R
solute M S K C S R L R L N C B I P O
solvent J J V T K C U O O J J F V I F
solution K G I Z K G S F S C K E J T X
solubility
U O S U I V V N P R A P M A D
precipitate
decomposition
N C N F S O L U T E J R V T I
G G N G C W A M X D I M B E L
H O D E C O M P O S I T I O N
C Y T I L I B U L O S P V J N
W F Y B V K F A A V K H R R S
C L D M V L T R F U O G W Z V
Monday, 7 June 2010

Term Definition GLOSSARY 1 Match the term with its definition > ans’s only in BOB

A. Atom 1. A code that shows the number and type of each element in a compound
B. Element 2. This is another word for arrangement
C. Proton 3. The building blocks of matter.
D. Neutron 4. A substance that contains one type of atom only
5. A particle within the nucleus of an atom that has mass and is positively
E. Nucleus
charged
6. A particle within the nucleus of an atom that has mass and has no
F. Electron
electrical charge
G. Electron 7. A number which represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an
shell atom (also equal to the number of electrons)
H. Formula 8. An energy level around the nucleus of an atom
I. Configuration 9. A negatively charged ion
J. Atomic
10. A negatively charged particle surrounding the nucleus of an atom
number
K. Mass
11. A positively charged ion
number
L. Ion 12. The central, dense positively charged part of an atom
13. A mixture of an insoluble substance with a liquid. The insoluble substance
M. Ionic
eventually settles.
N. Cation 14. The number of particles (protons & neutrons) in the nucleus
O. Anion 15. An atom that has lost or gained electrons
P. Suspension 16. A word used to describe a substance that is made up of ions

Monday, 7 June 2010

Term Definition GLOSSARY 1- HANDOUT
Atom The building block of matter.
Element A substance that contains one type of atom only
Proton A particle within the nucleus of an atom that has mass and is positively charged
A particle within the nucleus of an atom that has mass and has no electrical
Neutron
charge

Nucleus The central, dense positively charged part of an atom

Electron A negatively charged particle surrounding the nucleus of an atom

Electron shell An energy level around the nucleus of an atom

Formula A code that shows the number and type of each element in a compound
Configuration This is another word for arrangement
A number which represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Atomic number
(also equal to the number of electrons)
Mass number The number of particles (protons & neutrons) in the nucleus
Ion An atom that has lost or gained electrons

Ionic A word used to describe a substance that is made up of ions

Cation A positively charged ion
Anion A negatively charged ion
A mixture of an insoluble substance with a liquid. The insoluble substance
Suspension
eventually settles.

Monday, 7 June 2010

Term Definition GLOSSARY 2 Match the term with its definition > ans’s only in BOB

A. Fuel 1. The solid that is dissolved
B. Hydrocarbon 2. The liquid that does the dissolving
C. Combustion 3. Able to be dissolved
D. Carbon 4. a mixture where very small particles are evenly spread through the
dioxide liquid particles (the small particles don't settle)

E. Carbon 5. When an ionic compound placed in water has broken up and individual
monoxide particles are too small to be seen

F. Soot 6. A deadly gas given off when fuels burn in a low oxygen environment

7. Another word for carbon that is produced when a fuel is burnt in a low
G. Dissolved
oxygen environment

H. Solute 8. A substance that can combine with oxygen to provide heat energy

9. A compound that consists of Hydrogen and Carbon atoms only (often
I. Solvent
a fuel)

10.A chemical reaction which involves a substance combining with
J. Solution
oxygen
K. Soluble 11.A solid product formed when two solutions react together
L. Solubility 12.The breakdown of a substance into simpler substances
M. Insoluble 13.The degree to which a substance will dissolve
N. Precipitate 14.A gas formed as a result of a fuel burnt in a high oxygen environment
O. Decomposition 15.Not able to be dissolved
Monday, 7 June 2010

Term Definition GLOSSARY 2- HANDOUT

Fuel A substance that can combine with oxygen to provide heat energy
Hydrocarbon A compound that consists of Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms only (often a fuel)
Combustion A chemical reaction which involves a substance combining with oxygen

Carbon dioxide A gas formed as a result of a fuel burnt in a high oxygen environment

Carbon monoxide A deadly gas given off when fuels burn in a low oxygen environment

Another word for carbon that is produced when a fuel is burnt in a low
Soot
oxygen environment

When an ionic compound placed in water has broken up and individual
Dissolved
particles are too small to be seen

Solute The solid that is dissolved

Solvent The liquid that does the dissolving

a mixture where very small particles are evenly spread through the liquid
Solution
particles (the small particles don't settle)

Soluble Able to be dissolved
Solubility The degree to which a substance will dissolve

Insoluble Not able to be dissolved

Precipitate A solid product formed when two solutions react together

Decomposition The breakdown of a substance into simpler substances
Monday, 7 June 2010

PRE-TEST NAME
1. True or False?
(a) Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
(b) An element can contain more than one type of atom.
(c) The periodic table does not contain all the elements.
(d) Melting requires a solid to cool.
(e) A solution is an example of a mixture.
2. There are two types of changes that occur in chemistry - physical and chemical.
Which of the following is an example of a physical reaction? (Circle the answers)
A. Clouds forming
B. Leaves drying out
C. Wood burning
D. Glass melting
3. What are the 3 states of matter? ____________, ____________ & ____________
4. Use the words below to complete the following sentences:
When substances change state the _____________ and __________ of the
particles changes but the ___________ of particles remains the same. This is an
example of a _______________ reaction. ____ new substance is formed.

Word List
type no arrangement physical motion http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/
states_of_matter/
Monday, 7 June 2010

/10 ANSWERS TO PRE-TEST NAME
1. True or False?
(a) Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. T
(b) An element can contain more than one type of atom. F
(c) The periodic table does not contain all the elements. F 5 marks
(d) Melting requires a solid to cool. F
(e) A solution is an example of a mixture. T
2. There are two types of changes that occur in chemistry - physical and chemical.
Which of the following is an example of a physical reaction? (Circle the answers)
A. Clouds forming
B. Leaves drying out 3 marks

C. Wood burning
D. Glass melting 1 mark
Solid Liquid Gas
3. What are the 3 states of matter? ____________, ____________ & ____________
4. Use the words below to complete the following sentences:
arrangement motion
When substances change state the _____________ and __________ of the
types
particles changes but the ___________ of particles remains the same. This is an
physical
example of a _______________ reaction. ____ new substance is formed.
No
1 mark
Word List
types no arrangement physical motion http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/
states_of_matter/
Monday, 7 June 2010

WHICH OF THESE IS A CHEMICAL REACTION? ..... AND WHY?

Answer these questions as full sentences.
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
A bus rusting

_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________

Polar ice melting _____________________________________

Monday, 7 June 2010

_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Water boiling

_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
A nuclear explosion
Monday, 7 June 2010

Activities:
Burning Magnesium (heat given off)
Magnesium ribbon+ Hydrochloric acid
Copper sulphate + zinc powder (colour change)
Heating nichrome wire
Heating candle wax
Ammonium dichromate - demo
Iodine sublimation - loosely fitting stopper on test tube - demo

A CHEMICAL REACTION IN
CONTEXT
Why does it start?
Why does in stop?

Monday, 7 June 2010

HEATING MAGNESIUM RIBBON

Tongs
Observation

Magnesium ribbon

Bunsen burner

Mat Chemical or physical?

HEATING NICHROME WIRE

Observation
Tongs

Nichrome wire

Bunsen burner

Mat Chemical or physical?

Monday, 7 June 2010

HEATING CANDLE WAX

Candle wax
Observation
Evaporating basin
xxxxxxxxxx

Blue bunsen flame

Chemical or physical?

COPPER SULPHATE & ZINC POWDER
Observation
Zinc
powder

Copper sulphate
Shake from side to side by tapping
with your finger (for a few minutes)
Monday, 7 June 2010

MAGNESIUM RIBBON + HYDROCHLORIC ACID

Magnesium Observation
ribbon (0.5 cm)

Hydrochloric acid (1 cm)


Demonstrations HEATING AMMONIUM DICHROMATE HEATING IODINE

Monday, 7 June 2010

SUMMARY
Word List
There are two types of change that we commonly see:
new
1. ______________ change
2. _______________ change original

physical
In a chemical change:
chemical
• A ________substance is formed
• The ____________ substance is used up recover
• It is not possible to __________ to the original substance

Observations that we might make if a chemical reaction has occurred:
1. Fizzing (gas produced)
2. Colour change Copy
3. Heat or cold into
notes
4. Smell

In a physical change:
• No new substance is formed
• The original substance is not used up
Monday, 7 June 2010

MIND MAP

Boiling water

No new substance
Heating wire
Physical Examples
Reversible Heating iodine
Types of
change Melting wax

New substance formed
Chemical

Original substance used up

Not reversible

Examples

Magnesium & Copper sulphate Heating
Hydrochloric and zinc Ammonium
acid (fizzing) (Colour change) Dichromate (Heat)

Monday, 7 June 2010

1. Cut out the terms and place them into your mind map
2. Once your work has been checked, paste them in

No new substance Magnesium &
Hydrochloric
acid (fizzing)
Boiling water
Heating iodine

Original substance used up
Not reversible
New substance formed

Reversible
Heating
Ammonium
Chemical Dichromate (Heat)

Melting wax Physical

Copper sulphate
and zinc
Heating wire (Colour change)

Monday, 7 June 2010

THE
ELEMENTS
Monday, 7 June 2010

Copy ELEMENTS Complete the sentences, table
and diagram (below)
Elements are like the letters of the alphabet. There are 26
letters and these can be joined together in different ways to make up to 750 000
different words. Letters cannot be split into anything simpler.

• Elements are substances that contain particles called
• An element consists of only one type of atom only.
• Atoms cannot be easily into anything .
• There are 90 different elements and these can be .
to make all the other in the world

Atoms
Part of Where Electrical
atom found Charge
Proton

+ Neutron
+
Electron
Proton
Word list: substances, atoms,
simpler, split, joined, proton,
electron, empty space, negative,
positive, neutral, neutron, in the
“History of the atom” Activity: Mystery Object
nucleus, outside the nucleus.
Monday, 7 June 2010

Getting to know the periodic table http://www.webelements.com/

Shade in the periodic table using the key (below)

x x
x x
x x
x x
x x

Blue: Metals
Green: Non-metals
Key
The elements Inert gases: Yellow
song! Black zig zag line: separates the metals from non-metals
Monday, 7 June 2010

PR
TH ES
EL E EN
EM TI
EN N
G
TS
Monday, 7 June 2010

HYDROGEN

Monday, 7 June 2010

RUBIDIUM/CAESIUM/FRANCIUM

Monday, 7 June 2010

Al

http://sam.davyson.com/as/physics/aluminium/site/uses.html
Monday, 7 June 2010

HISTORY of aluminium

Monday, 7 June 2010

HISTORY of aluminium
5300 BC. ancient Persia

Egyptians and Babylonians around 4000 years ago as fabric dyes and cosmetics.

Monday, 7 June 2010

WEAKNESSES

Monday, 7 June 2010

Hydrogen - not a metal THE PERIODIC TABLE
but here because of its
electron arrangement

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Non-metals

Less reactive
More reactive metals Inert gases
metals

Monday, 7 June 2010

ORGANISATION Copy
Atomic number
Atomic numbers are the smaller of the two numbers associated with each element.
Atomic numbers increase by one from left to right of the table
Rows
The atoms get larger in size from left to right across a row as their mass increases
Columns
The atoms get larger in size and increase in mass from top to bottom of a column.
Elements in a column have similar properties. Columns are often called groups.
Groups start at 1 (at the left) and finish with group 8 (at the right of the table)

Write the group numbers into your table

GROUP THERAPY Complete the table (below)

Group Element Symbol Atomic number
Chlorine

Potassium

Magnesium

Oxygen

Monday, 7 June 2010

Element names

H Na

He Mg

Li Al

Be Si

B P

C S

N Cl

O Ar

F K

Ne Ca

An easy way to remember the first 20 elements Flashcards
(in exercises)
Harry He Likes Beer By Cupfuls Not Over Flowing
Never Natter Magic Although Science Possesses Some Clues
Arthur Kicks Cats “Element
Bingo” (in starters)
Monday, 7 June 2010

ELEMENTS, MIXTURE AND COMPOUND

Aim
to investigate the product of a zinc reacting with sulphur.

Heating a mixture of zinc Mixture of zinc powder
powder and sulphur powder and sulphur powder

Bottle cap
Keep a safe distance xxxxxxxxxx
away from the
experiment !! Blue bunsen flame

Appearance of the elements before heating:

Iron

Sulphur

Appearance of the compound formed after heating:

Name of compound formed: ________________________
Monday, 7 June 2010

IT’S ELEMENTARY Name

1. What is the name of the particle that cannot easily be made smaller?
_____________________
2. Name 2 objects in the room that contain carbon. ________ , __________
3. Air is made up mainly of which element? _________
4. Explain the difference between an element and a compound.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5. Write the symbols for the following elements:
(a) Lithium ____ (b) Boron ____ (c) Fluorine ____ (d) Argon (e) Silicon ____
(f) Phosphorus _____ (g) Chlorine ____
(h) Sodium _____ (i) Potassium ____
6. Name the following elements:
(a) H __________(b) He __________ (c) Be __________
(d) C __________ (e) N __________ (f) O __________
(g) Ne __________ (h) Mg __________ (i) Al __________
(j) S __________(k) Ca __________
Monday, 7 June 2010

ELEMENTS, MIXTURE AND COMPOUND

Demo: Iron heated with sulphur

test-tube
mixture of powdered
sulphur and iron

Bunsen burner (blue flame)

Appearance of the elements before heating:

Iron

Sulphur

Appearance of the compound formed after heating:

Name of compound formed: ________________________
Monday, 7 June 2010

ELEMENT CUBES Each side of the cube:
1. Name & symbol of
element
2. Uses of the element
3. Classification (metal/non-metal)
4. Physical properties
(colour, s/l/g)
5. History - discovery
6. Extraction

Each student allocated a different element. Put into
letter box. Reallocate.
Research -> element cube (book computers,
ﬁnish for Hwk)
Monday, 7 June 2010

HI
ST
OF O
TH RY
AT E
OM
Monday, 7 June 2010

DISCOVERING ATOMS - MISSION IMPOSSIBLE??

Monday, 7 June 2010

Practical
HOW HAVE WE LEARNT THIS

Mystery object inside
My lab group
matchbox passed
from person to person

Bart
match
box

Maggie

Lisa

Without opening the box,
each person makes an
observation
Monday, 7 June 2010

Our groups results

Observation Observation Observation
D
Bart I
S
C
U
Lisa
S
S
I
Maggie O
N

We think the object in the container is _____________
___________________________________________
Monday, 7 June 2010

Dalton, John
(b. Sept. 6, 1766, Eaglesfield, Cumberland. Eng.-
d. July 27, 1844, Manchester)

“one of the fathers of modern physical science”

“... a teacher of mathematics and natural philosophy ...” “ ... a
chemist and a physicist ...”

1803

• Elements consist of identical atoms
• Atoms are like dense spheres
• Atoms are indestructible

Monday, 7 June 2010

Born on December 18, 1856 near Manchester,
England
The young Thomson was chosen to be the third Cavendish
Professor in 1884

In 1906 he was awarded the Nobel prize in physics ... “electrical
discharge in gases”

1897 • “Plum Pudding
Model”

an atom consists of a sphere of
positive charges with negative charges
distributed evenly through + +
-

the sphere): + - + -

- + +
+ -
Listen to JJ (on mp3): http://www.aip.org/history/
electron/jjsound.htm
"Could anything at first sight seem more impractical than ...”
Monday, 7 June 2010

born on August 30, 1871, in Nelson, New Zealand

He graduated with an M.A. from the university in
Wellington in 1893 with a double major in
Mathematics and Physical Science

In 1894, he was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Science
Scholarship, enabling him to go to Trinity College, Cambridge,
as a research student at the Cavendish Laboratory under J.J.
Thomson.
1911 Rutherford performs his famous “Gold foil
experiment”.
Most of an atom is made up of empty space.

1912: Rutherford and Neils Bohr join forces. The quantum
theory is incorporated into Rutherford’s model
> > > > > The model that is still currently used.
Monday, 7 June 2010

ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
Monday, 7 June 2010

MASS NUMBERS & ATOMIC NUMBERS

An element in the periodic table is described like this:
The mass number is 19.
19 The number of protons plus neutrons =19
9 F
Fluorine The atomic number is 9.
There are 9 protons in the nucleus and 9 electrons around it

In this example:
The 19 particles in the nucleus are protons or neutrons I’m lost!
9 of these particles are protons
therefore there are 10 neutrons in the nucleus

Summary

For an atom:
• The atomic number gives the number of protons
• The atomic number is also gives the number of electrons
• The mass number is the number of protons plus neutrons
• neutron number = mass number - atomic number
Monday, 7 June 2010

ATOMIC NUMBERS & MASS NUMBERS

The mass number is the number of particles in the nucleus
19

9 F
Fluorine The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus

The mass number is ____ so there are _____ particles in the nucleus.

The atomic number is ___ so _____ of them are protons
Therefore the rest of them are neutrons so there are 10 neutrons

number of
Symbol of element number of protons number of neutrons
electrons
19 F
9
11 B
5
16 O
8
28 Si 14
35 Cl 20
31 P 15
Monday, 7 June 2010

Individual Exercise TRY THIS!

number of
Symbol of element number of protons number of neutrons
electrons
9 Be
4

21 Ne
10

27 Al 13
39 K 20
15P 16
42 Ca
20

12 C 6
7 Li
3

23 Na
11

24 Mg 12
14 N
7

16S 16
Monday, 7 June 2010

ELECTRON
ARRANGEMENTS

Monday, 7 June 2010

ELECTRON ARRANGEMENTS

Electrons in the electron cloud are not arranged randomly around the nucleus.

• Those close to the nucleus have low energy
• Those far away from the nucleus have high
energy
Copy
Electrons are arranged in energy levels

For the 1st 20 elements there are 4 energy levels:

Level 1 can hold a maximum of 2 electrons
Level 2 “ “ “ “ “ 8 electrons
Example 1

40 20 protons in the nucleus

20
Ca (the atomic number)

Calcium => 20 electrons around the
2.8.8.2 nucleus

Electron arrangement: “ 2 in the 1st shell, 8 in the 2nd shell, .......
Monday, 7 June 2010

CONFIGURE THIS
Use your knowledge of electron
arrangement to complete the
table below. The electron 1
arrangements are shown below H
1
the element names Hydrogen
1
4
2 He
Helium
2
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20
3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
23 24 27 28 31 32 37 40
11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si P S Cl Ar
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon
2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3
39 40
K Ca
Potassium Calcium

Monday, 7 June 2010

Copy all
SHELL DIAGRAMS

Electrons fill up an atoms shell in order, first they fill up the
inner shell (first electron shell) then the next shell and so on
An exercise done as a class:
Process:

40 x 1. Use your periodic table to find the atomic
Ca x x
x x
x
number.
20 x x x
x
x x 2. The atomic number will tell you how
Calcium x x
x many electrons there are
x x
x x
x 3. Fill the electrons according to the rule:
Level 1 can hold a maximum of 2 electrons
Example 2 - Silicon Level 2 “ “ “ “ “ 8 electrons


28
14 Si
4. Start filling the levels from level 1.

5. When level 1 is full start filling level 2. When
Silicon level 2 is full start filling level 3 and so on.

6. Stop filling the levels when you have used all
the electrons that the atom has.
Monday, 7 June 2010

Individual Exercise A DIFFERENT WAY OF SHOWING IT

Example: Fluorine, 9
19F has 9 electrons
x For each of the following atoms use your
periodic table to find the number of
x x x
electrons, draw the electron shell diagram,
showing the nucleus as a solid circle.
A second example
x x
1. 13
27Al x 2. 11
23Na
x
x x x
x x
x x x x
x x x
x x

3. 14
28Si 4. 15
31P 5. 16
32S

Homework (in science books):
(i) Be (ii) F (iii) Ne (iv) Ar Finish for homework
Monday, 7 June 2010

ATOMS
TO IONS
Monday, 7 June 2010

ATOMS TO IONS Copy
An ion is an atom that has lost or gained electrons
“Ions are more stable than atoms. IONS HAVE AN OUTER SHELL THAT IS FULL...
Using this knowledge it is possible to work out the arrangement of electrons in
ions.”

Sodium atom --> Sodium ion
1 electron
E x x
x x x
lost
x

X
x
x x x
x
x x x

A x x x x
x
x x 1+ charge

M Na Na+

P Chlorine atom --> Chloride ion
1 electron
L
x x
x
x x x x x
x gained
x x x x x

E
x
x x
x x x x
x x x x

S x
x

x
x
x x
x

x
x
x

Cl Cl- 1- charge

Monday, 7 June 2010

IRONING OUT THE IONS Copy
“Metal atoms lose electrons. Non-metal atoms gain electrons.
No more than 3 electrons can be lost or gained”

Copy & complete the following table showing the electron arrangements of the atoms
and their ions:

Metal atom Metal ion Non-metal atom Non-metal ion

C: 2, 4 no ion formed Cl: 2, 8, 7 Cl-: 2, 8, 8

Mg: 2, 8, 2 Mg2+: 2, 8 N: 2, 5 N3-: 2, 8

Li: 2, 1 Li+: 2 Ar: 2, 8, 8 No ion formed

Be O

Ca S

Al F

Na P

Draw small Beryllium Sulphide Aluminium
shell diagrams
for the
following ions
Monday, 7 June 2010

FORMULAE FOR SIMPLE IONS
Background
A chemical formula shows how atoms or ions are joined to make compounds. (A
compound consists of two or more different atoms that are joined chemically).
An ionic compound is formed when positive and negative ions are attracted to each
other. Some ions comprise groups of atoms that have gained or lost electrons. These
groups are the “-ides” or “-ates”.
A table of common ions is shown below:

+1 +2 +3 _,,
-1
H* Mg2* Al3+ c1- gz-
hydrogen magnesium aluminium chloride oxide

Li* Ca2* Fe3* oH- COr'-
lithium calcium iron(III) hydroxide carbonate

Na+ Fe2* No,* Soo'-
sodium iron(II) nitrate sulfate

K+ Cu2* HCO3- PO43-
potasslum copper(II) hydrogen carbonate Phosphate

Zn2*
zinc

Pb2+
lead

Monday, 7 June 2010

GETTING TO KNOW THE “-IDES” AND “-ATES”

Complete the columns by writing the
“words” -ide or -ate “-ates” end in O4 and O3
the rest are “-ides”
An exercise done as a class:

+ ion - ion Formula -ide/-ate + ion - ron Formula -ide/-ate

Znzr N3- ZneNz Ca2* NOs- Ca(NOs)z

Pb2* Br PbBrz Fe3* SO+2- Fe2(S04)3

I Ag* s2- Li* COs2- LizCOs

) Fe3* cl- 6 Ag* PO+3-

3 Na* 02- 7 NH+* SO+2-

K+ t- KI 8 Pbz* COs2-

Cu2* SO+2- CuSOa 9 Al3* oH-
4 Mgz+ COs2- 10 Cu2* s2-

5 Zn2* 02- 11 (+ HCOg-

Exercises: “-ide or -ate”
Monday, 7 June 2010

DA BOMB

flame

Hydrogen gas

Open end for air to enter

Clamp stand

Monday, 7 June 2010

DO YOU KNOW?.....
“What is combustion??”

.... And what are the products?

Monday, 7 June 2010

PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION

Aim: to investigate the products of combustion

Beaker

Blue cobalt chloride paper taped
to the inside of the beaker

vial Bunsen mat

limewater Candle

Observations

Conclusion

Monday, 7 June 2010

Reading WHAT IS A COMBUSTION REACTION?
about Science

Common fuels will usually contain carbon and hydrogen. This is why they are called
hydrocarbons. Some fuels contain more carbon than others. The carbon content
of fuels gives us an idea of how much heat energy is produced when the fuel
is burnt.
Carbon in the fuel combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide. This occurs
when there is plenty of oxygen. When oxygen is in short supply, carbon monoxide is
formed. Carbon dioxide molecules each have an atom of carbon joined to two atoms
of oxygen but carbon monoxide molecules have only one oxygen atom joined to each
carbon atom. So carbon monoxide is formed when there is not enough oxygen to
form carbon dioxide.
Petrol is a very popular fuel. It is used in most car engines. Unfortunately the car
engine is not very efficient. Only about half of the energy stored in petrol is changed
to energy of movement. One reason for this is that the petrol does not combine with
enough oxygen as it burns. This means that some carbon monoxide is produced as
well as carbon dioxide. Really old cars will also produce some soot, which is really
just carbon. Getting more oxygen mixed in with the petrol before it gets into the
engine’s cylinders will produce hotter and cleaner combustion in the engine.
So the amount of oxygen available will also have an effect on how much heat
is produced when a fuel burns and how clean the flame will be.
To most people’s surprise, water is also a product of combustion or burning. It is
possible to see that water is produced from the burning of petrol by looking at the
end of your car’s muffler on a cold morning while your car is idling in your driveway.
Droplets of water will drip from the end of the muffler and form a small puddle on
your driveway.
Monday, 7 June 2010

COMBUSTION & FUELS Copy

Combustion (or burning) occurs when a fuel combines with ______________ in a
chemical reaction.
Starting a fire
Some heat energy is needed to get chemical reaction going. This is why a fuel often
needs a match to get it to burn.
Keeping a fire going
Once a fire has started it is the heat from the fire that keeps this chemical reaction
going.
Putting out a fire
• using water - this cools it down so that there is not enough heat to keep the
chemical reaction going.
• smothering it with a blanket or with Carbon Dioxide - this prevents it from
getting oxygen
Most fuels contain _____________ and _____________ and so are called
hydrocarbons.
Carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon join with oxygen to make gases like
_______________ and ______________ .
______________ ________________ turns limewater milky.
____________ turns blue cobalt chloride paper pink.

Monday, 7 June 2010

PUTTING OUT A FIRE WITH A BOMB

Monday, 7 June 2010

WATER PUTS OUT FIRES BECAUSE IT COOLS THEM DOWN

Monday, 7 June 2010

PUTTING OUT FIRES

Vin
ega
r
250 mL
beaker candles
(of different lengths placed
into film cannisters)

baking soda

Observations

Explanation

Monday, 7 June 2010

FREE ENERGY - TURNING RUBBISH INTO FUEL

Monday, 7 June 2010

COMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION Copy

Complete combustion - occurs when there is plenty of oxygen
When combustion is complete, the only products are Carbon dioxide and water.
A general equation for this reaction is:

Fuel + +

Hot, clean, blue flame that is difficult to see.

Incomplete combustion - occurs when oxygen is in short supply

Some carbon monoxide will also be formed and if oxygen is very
scarce there will also be some carbon (soot) produced.
Dirty, yellow flame. Not good for heating but difficult to see.

Fuel + +

Exercises: “Global Warming” Catalyst 3G Copy and answer Q.1 to 3
Monday, 7 June 2010

SOLUBILITY

Monday, 7 June 2010

SOLUBILITY

Solvent

Negative
ion Water -
+
molecules
+ - + Solution
Solute
-+ - +
particle - -
+ +
- +

Positive Mixed up solid and
ion liquid particles

The sorts of compounds that dissolve easily in water are compounds that contain
positive and negative ions, joined together (ionic compounds).

Dissolving occurs when the compound breaks up into its ions and these ions
spread evenly amongst the water molecules.
The ability of a substance to dissolve is called its solubility.

http://phet.colorado.edu/simulations/sims.php?sim=Salts_and_Solubility

Monday, 7 June 2010

Chemical Reactions

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