1. Manner of Articulation
Mazhar Iqbal Ranjha

2. ENGLISH SOUNDS (PHONEMES)
Consonants
•Vowels

3. Glottal states

4. OBSTRUENTS
APPROXIMANTS
Manner of Articulation

6. stops
• Complete closure of articulation
• Airstream cannot escape through
the mouth

7. Types of stops
• Oral
• Soft palate is raised
• Airstream obstructed
in the mouth
• Pressure built up
behind obstruction
• Small burst of sound
when air released
• Nasal
• Soft palate is lowered
• Air stopped in oral cavity
• No pressure
• No burst

8. fricatives
• No complete stop
• Friction is there

9. Affricates
Brief stopping of airstream and with
an obstructed release

11. English Consonants chart
voiceless voiced
Manner of
articulation
Place of articulation
bilabial
labio-
dental
inter-
dental alveolar palatal velar glottal
stop p b
_____ _____
t d
_____
k g
_____
fricative
_____
f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ
_____ _____
affricate _____ _____ _____ _____ ʧ ʤ _____ _____
flap _____ _____ _____
ɾ _____ _____ _____
nasal m _____ _____ n _____ ŋ _____
liquid
lat. _____ _____ _____ l
r
_____ _____ _____
retr.
glide w _____ _____ _____ j _____ h

12. Notes
• Consonant sounds are generally assumed to be:
pulmonic egressive
oral
central

13. Consonant Dimensions: Summary
[t] [j]
1. Airstream Mechanism pulmonic egressive p.e.
2. Phonation Type voiceless voiced
3. Place of Articulation alveolar palatal
4. Aperture stop approx.
5. Retroflexion non-retroflex non-retro
6. Nasality oral oral
7. Laterality central central

14. vowels
Less constriction than approximant

15. Vowel Dimensions
• Vowel articulations can be characterized along four
dimensions:
1. Height (of tongue body)
• high, mid, low
2. Front-back (of tongue body)
• front, central, back
3. Roundedness (of lips)
• rounded vs. unrounded
4. “Tenseness”
• tense/lax

16. Other Vowel Features
• Rounding:
• are pronounced with rounded lips
• the other English vowels are not
• “Tenseness”
• a “tense” vowel is closer to the edge of the vowel space
• a “lax” vowel is closer to the center
• Ex: [i] is tense, is not.
• Tense/lax distinctions:
• found predominately in Germanic languages
• are very hard for non-native speakers of English to hear

17. The Cardinal Vowels
• A set of 8 reference vowels
• Brainchild of English Phonetician Daniel Jones
(1881-1967)
• “Cardinal Vowels can only be
learnt from a teacher who knows
how to make them or from a
gramophone record or tape record.”

18. Lineage
• Henry Sweet taught phonetics to Daniel Jones.
• Daniel Jones taught David Abercrombie.
• David Abercrombie taught Peter Ladefoged.
• Peter Ladefoged taught Sarah Dart.
• Sarah Dart taught me.
• I am teaching you.

19. The Cardinal Vowels
• So let’s learn about the Cardinal Vowels.
• Two “anchor” vowels:
• [i] - Cardinal Vowel 1 - highest, frontest vowel possible
• - Cardinal Vowel 5 - lowest, backest vowel possible
• Remaining vowels are spaced at equal intervals of frontness and height
between the anchor vowels.
• Note: [u] - Cardinal Vowel 8 - may serve as a third anchor as the highest,
backest, roundest vowel possible

21. English cardinal Vowels

22. Cardinal Vowel Diagram
o

23. Secondary Cardinal Vowels

24. Tense vs. Lax
• There are five lax vowels in English.
Tense Lax
heed hid
hayed head
who’d hood
hod hud
had
• The lax vowels cannot appear at the end of a syllable.
• They also often have a offglide.
• Lastly: they are shorter than their tense counterparts.

25. Thank you
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