2. What does biology have to
do with psychology?
Everything psychological is simultaneously
biological .
Reciprocal relationship between biology and
behaviors and mental processes.
Chemistry
Electrochemical
Hormonal
Genetics
3. What is the nervous system?
Electrochemical communication system
Gathers and processes/integrates information
Produces responses to stimuli
Coordinates working of cells
Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, Neurons
Sensory information in, processing,
commands out
4. How is the nervous system
organized?
Parasympathetic
(Calming)
Nervous System
Central Nervous
System
Peripheral Nervous
System
Somatic
(Voluntary)
Autonomic
(Involuntary)
Sympathetic
(Arousing)
Brain Spinal Cord
5. What do the different
branches do?
CNS
Brain
Spinal cord
PNS
Somatic
Autonomic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
6. How do the different
branches communicate?
Electrochemical impulses
Specialized cells
Neurons – send, carry, receive messages
Glial cells – provide support to neurons, maintain
neural environment
8. What else is involved in
neural communication?
Glial cells
Oligodendrocytes – brain
Schwann cells – body
Nerves – clusters of axons
Myelin
Neurilemma – membrane
Only in PNS
9. How do these cells
communicate?
Resting potential
Semipermeable membrane
Negative ions inside
Positive ions outside
Action potential
Threshold, all-or-none principle
Reverse charge
10. What stimulates
communication?
Neurotransmitters – chemical messenger
Synaptic vesicles – sacs of neurotransmitters
Receptor sites – binding site on receiving cell
Neuron or muscle/gland
Synapse – junction between two neurons
13. What happens after the
neuron fires?
Cleaning up the synapse
Reuptake – sucks NTs back up into the pre-
synaptic neuron
Enzymes break down NTs in the synapse
14. What prevents neurons from
firing all the time?
Excitatory synapse
Inhibitory synapse
Multiple synapses with each cell
Effect is based upon combination
15. What are the different
neurotransmitters?
Acetylecholine (Excitatory)
Skeletal muscle
Memory, arousal, attention
Glutamate (Excitatory)
Learning, memory
Synaptic plasticity
16. What are the different
neurotransmitters?
GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid; Inhibitory)
Inhibit neural communication
Maintain
Serotonin (Excitatory or Inhibitory)
Produced in brain stem
Sleep, mood, appetite
17. What are the different
neurotransmitters?
Dopamine (Excitatory or inhibitory)
Movement (Parkinson’s)
Pleasure/reward (learning, motivation)
Mood
Endorphins (Neural peptide)
Analgesic
Endogenous opiods
18. Can substances act like
neurotransmitters?
Agonists – drugs that mimic or increase effect
of neurotransmitter
Binds to receptor and activates
Antagonists – drugs that block the effect of
the neurotransmitter
Blocks receptor/absorption
Abuse and withdrawal
19. What controls our body?
CNS
Brain
Spinal Cord
Purposes
Processing/integration
of information
Decision making
Commanding other
systems
20. Sensory nerve root
(Carries information in)
Motor nerve root
(Carries commands out)
White Matter
(Axons, carry information
to/from brain)
Gray matter
(cell bodies)
21. Can the spinal cord work
independent from the brain?
Pain - Reflex Arc
Sensory neurons – carry sensory information to
the spinal cord
Interneurons – connect sensory and motor
neurons
Motor neurons – carry commands out to
muscles/glands
22. What is the peripheral
nervous system (PNS)?
All parts of the nervous systems other than
the brain and spinal cord
Somatic nervous system – senses and
voluntary movement
Autonomic nervous system – organs, glands,
involuntary muscle movement
23. What makes up the somatic
nervous system?
Sensory pathway – all incoming sensory
information
Motor pathway – commands to skeletal
muscles
24. What are the branches of
the autonomic nervous
system? Sympathetic – arousal, threat
Parasympathetic – restore/maintain normal
functioning
Cooperative systems
25. What do the two systems do
to the body?
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Dilates pupils Contracts pupils
Increased Heart Rate Decreases heart rate
Activates sweat glands Deactivates sweat glands
Stimulate release of stress
hormones
Signal adrenals to stop releasing
stress hormones
Increased respiration Slows respiration
Inhibits digestion and excretion Activates digestion and excretion
26. Why are we talking about
hormones?
Hormones – chemical messengers
manufactured by endocrine glands
Travel within the bloodstream
Affect muscles, organs, glands, and brain activity
Slower but longer lasting action
27. What are the major glands
and hormones?
Pituitary Gland – master gland
Adrenal Glands
Stress response
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine – sympathetic
arousal
Cortisol – stimulates release of glucose (brain) and
fatty acids (muscles) to provide energy during stress
response
28. Through what path does a
stress response occur?
Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary
Pituitary stimulates adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex releases stress hormones that
increase metabolic activity (fight or flight
response)
29. Are there other important
glands?
Pineal Gland – melatonin
Thyroid Gland – thyroxin, metabolism
Pancreas – insulin and glucagons, regulates
blood sugar
Gonads – sexual behavior and reproduction
30. What are the different
parts of the brain?
Hindbrain
Limbic system
Cerebrum
32. What are the different
parts of the hindbrain?
Medulla
Pons
Reticular formation
Cerebellum
33. What are the functions of
the medulla?
Spinal cord entry
Heart rate
Breathing,Waking,
Swallowing
Sensory crossover
34. What is the purpose of the
pons?
Links cerebellum and cortex
Motor nerves crossover
Coordinates movements of
left and right sides of the
body
Sleep, dreaming, arousal
36. What is the purpose of the
reticular formation?
Network of neurons
that go from the spinal
cord to the cortex
Alertness, arousal
Selective attention
37. What is the purpose of the
cerebellum?
Involuntary, rapid, fine
motor movement (e.g.,
sitting upright, balance)
Coordinates voluntary rapid
muscle movements (e.g.,
typing)
Reflexes, skills, habits
48. What is the cortex?
The outermost layer
Higher order functions
Executive functioning – thoughts, planning
Association areas – connects sensory info and
memory
49. How is the cerebrum
divided?
Hemispheres (Left & Right)
Corpus Collosum
Lobes
Occipital
Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
50. What do the different lobes
do?
Lobe Functions and areas
Occipital Primary visual cortex - Processes visual information that comes
in from the eyes
Visual association cortex – helps identify and make sense of
visual information
Parietal Somatosensory cortex – receives sensory information from skin
& muscles (touch, temperature, pressure)
Temporal Primary auditory cortex & auditory association area – processing
and making sense of auditory stimuli
Frontal Higher mental functions – planning, personality, memory
storage, complex decision making, language, control of
emotions
Motor cortex – controls voluntary muscle movements
51. Are the two halves
different?
Both hemispheres work in tandem
Left side:
language (ability to produce meaningful
sounds/gestures),
analytical processing (bit by bit)
Right side:
Holistic processing (global patterns)
Creative and integrative/fluid processing
52. Can the brain change?
Plasticity – rewiring, recovery
Lateralization does not mean that the other
side can’t do it if it needs to
Can train the brain