Remote sensing and GIS

1. Application of RS and GIS

2. Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS
GIS and Remote Sensing are linked both historically and functionally.
In a historic context, some of the early work leading to the development of GIS revolved
around methods to provide better access to aerial photographic coverage of specific areas.
GIS facilitates the storage of and the access to many diverse data types.
GIS, correctly employed, also permits the data held within a database to be readily
updated.
The synergy that exists between remote sensing and GIS technologies is built on the
foundation that, for many applications, remote sensing can be employed effectively and
efficiently to update GIS data layers.
Such data layers in a GIS can, appropriately employed, improve the interpretability and
information extraction potential of remotely sensed data.
Earlier studies on the application of GIS technique for creating decision support systems
and other computer based spatial information extraction have revealed that 75% to 85%
of the spatial data layers have been derived from the analysis of aerial photographs and
satellite image data.
As a result of this, remote sensing and GIS have become very important and have been
associated with each other.

3. Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS
• Agriculture and Soils
Crop acreage estimation / condition / yield prediction
Soil categorization/resources/erosion assessment/watershed management
• Geology
lithological discrimination / structural mapping /drainage analysis
Mineral exploration / coal fire mapping
Oil field detection / explorations / geo chemical analysis / seismic studies-analysis
• Ocean resources
Wealth of oceans / explorations / productivity / SST / potential fishing zone,
coral reef mapping
low tide / high tide marking
• Forestry and Environment
Loss of biological diversity / biosphere reserves / ecologically hot spot areas /wet land environment
Forest cover mapping & surveillance / forest stock mapping / deforestation-afforestation
grassland mapping.
• Major river valley projects
• Coral reef mapping
• Disaster warning mitigation
• Climatic change and greenhouse gases-atmospheric aerosols I atmospheric winds
• Wild life habitat assessment
• zoom cultivation-desertification.

4. Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS
• Street network-based applications
Vehicle routing and scheduling
Location analysis-site selection- evacuation plans
• Natural resource-based applications
Management of wild and scenic rivers, recreation resources, flood plains, wet lands, agricultural lands, aquifers,
forests, wild life etc,.
Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA)
Viewshed analysis
Hazardous or toxic facility siting
Ground water modelling and contamination tracking
Wild life habitat analysis, migration routes planning
• Land parcel- based applications
Zoning, sub division plan review
• Land acquisition
Environmental Impact statements
Water quality management
Maintenance of ownership
• Facilities management
Locating underground pipes, cables
Balancing loads in electrical net works
Planning facility maintenance
Tracking energy use.

5. LAND USE/LAND COVER SYSTEM IN INDIA …contd.
• Land Use and Land Cover
Land-cover/land-use has become crucial basis work to carry the prediction to
the dynamical change of land use, prevention to natural disaster, environment protection,
land management and planning.
With rapid development of remote sensing technology, land-cover/land-use
classification has become the most credible, rapid and effective measure to monitor the
condition and changing of land-cover/land use in the global surface.
Land-cover and Land-use are two different concepts in its intrinsic
signification.
Land-cover emphasize particularly on its nature properties and it is the
synthetically reflection of various elements in global surface covered with natural body or
manual construction.
Using remote sensing classification method, whatever used or non/used
covering object in surface can be separated.

6. LAND USE/LAND COVER SYSTEM IN INDIA ….contd.
• In carrying out research and application of the land-cover and land-use remote sensing
investigation, the uniform classification system is usually built up combining the two
concepts, which is called Remote Sensing Land-Cover/Land- Use classification.
• Land use is only one such aspect, but knowledge about land use and land cover has become
increasingly important.
• As the Nation plans to overcome the problems of haphazard, uncontrolled development,
deteriorating environmental quality, loss of prime agricultural lands, destruction of
important wetlands, and loss of fish and wildlife habitat.
• Land use data are needed in the analysis of environmental processes and problems that
must be understood if living conditions and standards are to be improved or maintained at
current levels.
• Land use and land cover data also are needed by Federal, State, and local agencies for
water- resource inventory, flood control, water-supply planning, and waste-water treatment.
• Many National agencies need current comprehensive inventories of existing activities on
public lands combined with the existing and changing uses of adjacent private lands to
improve the management of public lands.
• National agencies also need land use data to assess -environmental impact resulting from
the development of energy resources,
-to manage wildlife resources
-minimize man-wildlife ecosystem conflicts,
-to make national summaries of land use patterns and changes for national policy formulation,
-to prepare environmental impact statements and assess future impacts on environmental
quality.

7. LAND USE/LAND COVER SYSTEM IN INDIA …contd.
Land-Use -“Man’s activities and the various use which carried on land”.
E.g. Construction of buildings, agricultural lands, playgrounds etc.
Land use could be described- urban use residential use or single-family residential use
Land-Cover-“ Natural Vegetation, water bodies rock/soil etc, resulting due to land
transformations”.
Land cover consisting- roofs, pavement, grass and trees.
For a hydrologic study of rainfall-run off characteristics, it would be important to know
the amount and distribution of roofs, pavement, grass and trees.
Land-use is a process of turning natural ecosystem into social ecosystem.
The process is a complicated procedure by the synthetic effect from nature, economy and
society.
The manner, degree, structure, area distributing and benefit of land-use are not only
affected by natural condition but also restricted by diversified natural, economic and
technologic condition.
Land-use is the most direct and leading driving factor to the land-cover change

8. LAND USE/LAND COVER SYSTEM IN INDIA ….contd.

9. LAND USE/LAND COVER SYSTEM IN INDIA ….contd.
• CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA
• A land use and land cover classification system which can effectively employ orbital
and high-altitude remote sensor data should meet the following criteria (Anderson,
1971):
1. The minimum level of interpretation accuracy in the identification of land use and land
cover categories from remote sensor data should be at least 85 percent.
2. The accuracy of interpretation for the several categories should be about equal.
3. Repeatable or repetitive results should be obtainable from one interpreter to another
and from one time of sensing to another.
4. The classification system should be applicable over extensive areas.
5. The categorization should permit vegetation and other types of land cover to be used as
surrogates for activity.
6. The classification system should be suitable for use with remote sensor data obtained at
different times of the year.
7. Effective use of subcategories that can be obtained from ground surveys or from the
use of larger scale or enhanced remote sensor data should be possible.
8. Aggregation of categories must be possible.
9. Comparison with future land use data should be possible.
10. Multiple uses of land should be recognized when possible.

10. LAND USE/LAND COVER SYSTEM IN INDIA ….contd.
Some of these criteria should apply to land use and land cover classification in general,
but some of the criteria apply primarily to land use and land cover data interpreted from
remote sensor data.
It is hoped that, at the more generalized first and second levels, an accuracy in
interpretation can be attained that will make the land use and land cover data comparable
in quality to those obtained in other ways.
For land use and land cover data needed for planning and management purposes, the
accuracy of interpretation at the generalized first and second levels is satisfactory when
the interpreter makes the correct interpretation 85 to 90 percent of the time.
In addition to perfecting new interpretation techniques and procedures for analysis,
such as the various types of image enhancement and signature identification, the
resolution capability of the various remote sensing systems will also improve.
Resolution, or resolving power, of an imaging system refers to its ability to separate
two objects some distance apart.
In most land use applications, we are most interested in the minimum size of an area
which can be recognized as having an interpretable land use or land cover type.
Obviously, such a minimum area depends not only on the type and characteristics of
the imaging system involved, but also on the order of "generation" of the imagery.

11. LAND USE/LAND COVER SYSTEM IN INDIA
The land use/land cover system adopted by almost all concerned organizations and
scientists, engineers and remote sensing community who are involved in mapping of earth
surface features, is a system derived from the United States Geological Survey (USGS)
land use/land cover classification system.
This system was designed on the basis of the following criteria (Lillesand and Kiefer
1999) :
(i) the minimum level of interpretation accuracy using remotely sensed data should be at
least 85 percent,
(ii) the accuracy of interpretation for the several categories should be about equal,
(iii) repeatable results should be obtainable from one interpreter to another and from one
time of sensing to another,
(iv) the classification system should be applicable over extensive areas,
(v) the categorization should permit land use to be inferred from the land cover types,
(vi) the classification system should be suitable for use with remote sensor data obtained
at different times of the year,
(vii) categories should be divisible into more detailed subcategories that can be obtained
from large-scale imagery or ground surveys,
(viii) aggregation of categories must be possible,
(ix) comparison with future land use and land cover data should be possible, and
(x) multiple uses of land should be recognized when possible.

12. LAND USE/LAND COVER SYSTEM IN INDIA …contd.

13. LAND USE/LAND COVER SYSTEM IN INDIA
• Case Study of Hyderabad City
Hyderabad registered a decadal growth rate of 57.48%.
All this rapid and haphazard growth of urban sprawl and increasing population pressure is
resulting in deterioration of infrastructure facilities, loss of productive agricultural lands
and green open spaces, loss of surface water bodies and depletion of groundwater aquifers
zones, besides causing air pollution, contamination of water, health hazards, and micro-
climatic changes.
To address these issues effectively, it requires up-to-date and accurate data at regular
intervals of time on the changing urban sprawl, urban land use, urban environment and
urban resources.
Realising the need of such environmental Baseline Information System the present study
has been made.
The information system will be organized on municipal zone basis and will address
issues/ information contents related to all grids relevant to its land use/land cover and
major road network.

14. LAND USE/LAND COVER SYSTEM IN INDIA
• Case Study of Hyderabad City
Hyderabad registered a decadal growth rate of 57.48%.
All this rapid and haphazard growth of urban sprawl and increasing population pressure is
resulting in deterioration of infrastructure facilities, loss of productive agricultural lands
and green open spaces, loss of surface water bodies and depletion of groundwater aquifers
zones, besides causing air pollution, contamination of water, health hazards, and micro-
climatic changes.
To address these issues effectively, it requires up-to-date and accurate data at regular
intervals of time on the changing urban sprawl, urban land use, urban environment and
urban resources.
Realising the need of such environmental Baseline Information System the present study
has been made.
The information system will be organized on municipal zone basis and will address
issues/ information contents related to all grids relevant to its land use/land cover and
major road network.