Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
1. Management of
Acute Renal Failure
Dr. Sachin Verma MD, FICM, FCCS, ICFC
Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine
Infection Control Fellows Course
Consultant Internal Medicine and Critical Care
Web:- http://www.medicinedoctorinchandigarh.com
Mob:- +91-7508677495
References
Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney, 7 th ed.
Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th ed.
29/9/05
2. Definition
Acute renal failure is a syndrome
characterized by a rapid (hours to week)
decline in GFR and retention of
nitrogenous waste products such a BUN
and creatinine
3. Etiology & Classification of ARF
A. Pre renal azotemia (55-60%)
Intravascular volume depletion
Decreased cardiac output
Renal vasoconstriction
B. Acute intrinsic renal azotenia
Disease involving large renal vessels
Diseases of glomeruli and renal microvasculature
Injury to renal tubules. Exogenous toxins and
endogenous toxins
Acute disease of tubulo interstitium.
4. Etiology & Classification of ARF
C. Post renal azotemia
Ureteric obstruction (Intraluminal, intramural,
Extraureteric, periureteric)
Bladder neck obstruction
Uretheral obstruction
5. Clinical Approach to the
Diagnosis of ARF
History (Drug history)
↓
Physical examination (Fundus & Weight)
↓
Urinanalysis
↓
Flow chart of serial BP, Wt, BUN, S. Cr.
Major clinical events interventions
↓
Routine blood chemistry
↓
Radiologic evaluation (plain abdominal film)
Renal USG, IVP, renal angiography, MR angiography
↓
Renal Biopsy
6. Clinical Assessment
Pre renal
Fluid loss in any form
Symptoms of thirst
Orthostatic dizziness and hypotension
Tachycardia
Decreased skin turgor dry mucus membrane
Decreased axillary sweating
Definitive diagnosis
Resolution of ARF after restoration of renal
perfusion
7. Intrinsic
Increased muscular activity (Rhabdomyolysis)
Recent transfusion (Hemolysis)
Flank pain
Hyperreflexia and asterixis
Post renal
Suprapubic pain (Acute distension of bladder)
Colicky flank pain radiating to groin
Definitive diagnosis
Radiologic investigation and rapid improvement
in renal function after relief of obstruction
10. Confirmatory test
Plain abdominal film
USG
CT Scan
Radio nuclide scan
MRA
Doppler USG and Spiral CT
Contrast angiography (Gold standard)
Renal biopsy
11. FENa (Fractional Excretion
of Na+(%)
Most sensitive index to differentiate pre renal
azotemia from ATN
UNa X Pcr <1 prerenal
X100
PNa X Ucr >1 ATN
12. Treatment
Pre renal azotemia
Correction of Hypovolemia by packed red cells,
isotonic saline, Hypotonic saline (0.45%)
Loop blocking diuretic, (Frusemide high dose 20
– 160 mg orally or IV twice daily) to effect
adequate diuresis and convert oliguric to non-
oliguric RF.
ARF with cirrhosis (fluid challenge) paracentesis
with albumin administration
Renal dose dopamine (1-3 mg/kg/min)
13. Treatment
Intrinsic ATN
Optimization of CV function & intravascular
volume
Prophylactic oral acetylcysteine (600 mg BD 24
hour before and after procedure)
Use of less nephrotoxic contrast agent
(Gadolinium and CO2)
Cautious use of diuretics, NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors
Lipid encapsulated formulation of amphotericin B
Allopurinol (Acute urate nephropathy)
Amifostine an organic thiophosphate (Cisplatin)
14. Forced diuresis and alkanization of urine
(Rhabdomyolysis)
N Acetylcysteine within 24 hour
(Acetaminophen)
Dimercaprol (Chelating agent) (heavy metal)
Ethanol (ethylene glycol toxicity)
Plasma pharesis (Myeloma cast nephropathy)
Systemic arterial pressure control (malignant
htpertensive nephrosclerosis)
Acute GN (pulse glucocorticoid therapy)
15. ANP
28 amino acid polypeptide. Synthesized in
cardiac atrial muscle. Increased GFR by
triggering afferent arteriolar vasodilatation and
increasing ultrafiltration. Inhibits Na transport
and lower oxygen requirement.
Post renal ARF
Transuretheral or suprapubic placement of
bladder catheter (obstruction of urethra or
bladder neck)
Percutaneous catheterization of dilated renal
pelvis or ureter (ureteric obstruction)
Removal of obstructing lesion percutaneously or
bypassed by insertion of ureteric stent
16. Management of complication
Intravascular volume overload
Salt (1-2 gm/day) and water (<1 lt/day) restriction
Diuretics, usually loop + thiazide
Ultrafiltration or dialysis
Hyponatremia
Restriction of enteral free water intake (<1lt/day)
Avoid hypotonic intravenous solution (including
dextrose)
17. Hyperkalemia
Restriction of dietary K+ intake (<40 mmol/day)
Eliminate K+ supplement and K+ sparing diuretic,
Potassium binding ion-exchange resin (Na
polystyrene sulphonate)
Glucose (50 ml of 50% Dextrose) and insulin (10
U regular)
NaCO (50-100 mmol)
3
Calcium gluconate (10 ml of 10% solution) over 5
minute
Dialysis (with low K+ dialysate)
18. Metabolic acidosis
Restriction of dietary protein (0.6 g/Kg/day of high
biologic value)
Na bicarbonate (maintain serum bicarbonate >15
mmol/L or arterial pH >7.2)
Dialysis
Hyperphosphatemia
Restriction of dietary phosphate intake (<800
mg/day)
Phosphate binding agents (Ca carbonate,
Aluminium hydroxide)
19. Hypocalcemia
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium gluconate (10 – 20 ml of 10% solution)
Hypermagnesemia
Avoid Mg2+ containing antacids
Hyperuricemia
Treatment usually not necessary (<15 mg/dl)
Nutrition
Restriction of dietary protein (0.6 g/kg/day)
Carbohydrate (100 g/day)
Enteral / Parenteral nutrition
20. Indication for Dialysis
Clinical evidence (signs & symptoms) of uremia
Intractable intravascular volume over load
Hyperkalemia
Severe acidosis (resistant to conservative
measures)
Prophylactic dialysis when urea >100-150 mg/dl
or creatinine >8-10 mg/dl
21. Outcome
Mortality rate approximately 50%
Poor prognosis – Oliguria (<400 mg) or serum
creatinine (>3 mg/dl), older debilitated patient
and multiple organ failure at the time of
presentation
50% subclinical impairment of renal function
5% never recover (require dialysis or
transplantation)
5% progressive decline in GFR