1. How the Americas Change: The Long 19 th Century Megan Walsh

3. Almost all of the western hemisphere gained independence from European power.

4. The Gold Rush : caused immigrants to travel west during the western expansion.

5. Europian, Asian, and Chinese Migrants increased the ethnic diversity of the American populations.

6. Migrants stimulated the social, political and economic development of the western hemispshere.

7. The United States began to expand westward with the result of a doubled in size nation.

9. - Union was becoming industrialized while the South was isolated from economic growth relying on agriculture.

10. North & South differences on slavery & human rights led to Civil War in 1860's.

12. Industrialization of the North vs. argricultural foundations in the South.

13. The Lewis & Clark geographical expedition of the west after the U.S Louisiana Purchase from Napoleon Bonaporte of France to map & observe resources.

14. Manifest Destiny: Settlers travel west for cheap land.

15. Tension between Mexico & United States -> led to Texas's independence from Mexico -> Mexican American War -> U.S pays Mexico 15 million for Texas, California, and New Mexico.

17. The south was the major supplier of cotton to Britain in exchange for manufactured goods.

18. The presidency of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 sparked war betweeen the states.

19. The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, the goal of war was the abolition of slavery.

20. 4 year war -> Union Victory -> due to advantages in industrial resources the south lacked.

21. United States became politically united, more authority in federal government and a strong central government to supervise further expansion.

22. The Little Ice Age A time during the 14-19th century where the climate drastically dropped in temperature causing turmoil for the earth. Believed to be caused due to Volcanic Eruptions, Disruptions in the oceans conveyer belt, and Low solar activity. The freezing temperatures influenced trade and agriculture

24. The bloodiest single day of battle in American history: 23,000 casualties.

25. McClellan verses Robert E. Lee's army.

26. McClellan's attacks were unsuccessful against Lee's battle strategies, even though his army was unsuperior to McClellans.

28. 1803 to 1815

29. Napoleonic wars took over a majority of Europe while gaining expansion.

30. The downfall occurred after the invasion into Russia in 1812.

31. Resulted in the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.

33. Structured by many miscomunications between U.S. Ships and Spanish ships.

34. Lead to the creation of an official U.S. Navy, and highly influenced by the Napoleonic Wars.

35. Lead to Interventions in Chile, the Philippines, and Cuba, also lead to the addition of Hawaii as a part of the United States.

37. Long running fights and disagreements between Russia and the European countries.

38. Known for its tactical errors during land campaigns on both sides of the spectrum.

39. One of the first wars to be documented extensively with literature and photographs.

41. Frontiers of the Americas

42. Crossroads of Freedom by James McPherson