This document discusses the history and evolution of policing from ancient times to modern day. It covers how policing developed in ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, and medieval England. Key events in the development of modern policing in the UK are highlighted, such as the formation of the Metropolitan Police in 1829 and establishment of various policing organizations over time. The document also summarizes various topics related to modern policing, including community policing, occupational stressors, criminal profiling, counterterrorism, and international cross-border cooperation.

1. POLICING
MATTHEW COATES
&
MEHZEB CHOWDHURY

2. ANCIENT LAW ENFORCEMENT
• In ancient Egypt, law enforcement was led by
high-ranking officials, who carried the King’s
symbols as a sign of allegiance to him
• In ancient Greece, under the ‘Epohri’ law
enforcement system, Epohrs (five men elected
to serve for a year) had investigative, judge,
jury and executioner powers
• In Rome, Lictors served as body guards for
public officials and carried out routine
sentences

3. ANCIENT LAW ENFORCEMENT
(continued)
• In England, the first organised law
enforcement group were King Arthur’s knights
of the round table.
• It followed with Alfred The Great’s (849 AD –
899 AD) ‘Mutual Pledge System.’
• The system was the first to implement
‘community-based’ policing.

4. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN MEDIEVAL
ENGLAND
• 1066 AD – England invaded by William I, who set
up the circuit judge system
• 1166 AD – Henry the Lawgiver established trial by
jury of ‘one’s peers’ and classifies certain crimes
(murder, robbery etc.) as felonies
• 1215 AD – Magna Carta ensured due process and
civil liberties
• 1272 – 1304 AD – King Edward I set up curfew
and nightwatch system and gave bailiffs powers
of arrest

5. VEERING TOWARDS ‘THE BOBBY ON
THE BEAT’
• 1326 AD – Edward II brought in the first
Justice of the Peace, and a constable to assist
him
• 1750 AD – Industrial Revolution instigated the
increase of crime
• Civilian associations formed their own private
police forces
• Birth of the ‘Bow Street Horse and Foot Patrol’
– which introduced first real detective unit

6. METROPOLITAN POLICE DEPARTMENT
• 1829 – Formation of the Metropolitan Police
Force by Sir Robert Peel
• 1,000 uniformed officers called ‘Bobbies’
recruited and trained along military lines
• 1836 – Bow Street Patrol absorbed by the Met.
Police Force
• 1836 – Justices of the Peace no longer referred to
as such, instead, called Commissioners now
• 1842 – Detective Department formed

7. THE MODERN POLICE SYSTEM IN THE
UNITED KINGDOM
• 1901 – Fingerprint Bureau formed
• 1929 – Commencement of the ‘Police Box’
system on an experimental basis
• 1935 - Metropolitan Police Forensic
Laboratory opened
• 1963 – The first computer used by the Met (an
ICT 1301) set up in the Receiver’s office for
use on pay and crime statistics
• 1964 – Police Act unified police governance

8. THE MODERN POLICE SYSTEM IN THE
UNITED KINGDOM (continued)
• 1973 – Women are directly integrated into the
police force
• 1980 – Formation of the Air Support Unit
• 1986 – The Police and Criminal Evidence Act
(PACE) 1984 brought into effect
• 1995 – UK National Criminal Intelligence DNA
Database set up
• 1997 - Installation of N.A.F.I.S. the National
Automated Fingerprint Identification System

9. DYNAMICS OF MODERN DAY POLICING
• Territoriality and the • Sociological
Police Constructions of the
• The Governance of Police
Policing and Security • Occupational Stressors in
• Cultural Construction of Policing
the Police • Police and
• Intelligence-based Counterterrorism
Policing • Criminal Profiling
• Community Policing • International Cross-
• Police Reform & Funding Border Policing
• Restorative Policing

10. TERRITORIALITY AND THE POLICE
• England and Wales – 42 Police Forces
• Scotland – 8 regional Police Forces
• Northern Ireland – 1 Police Force

11. GOVERNANCE OF POLICE AND
SECURITY
• The 1964 Police Act brought a unified system
of police governance
• Policing is not just about the single body of
the 'police' but rather involves other agencies
of social control

12. CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE
POLICE
English 'bobby' seen as:
•a faithful, incorruptible public servant who is
unwavering in his commitment to the
community
•part of the 'thin blue line' between orderly and
disorderly society
•unarmed because he works with broad-based
public consent and respect but 'armed' with
prestige and street wisdom rather than power

13. INTELLIGENCE-BASED POLICING
• Collection and Analysis of Data
• Leading to Allocation of Resources to Best
Respond to the Situation

14. COMMUNITY POLICING AND
PARTNERSHIPS
• Three main aspects:
– Presence of visible, accessible and locally known
figures in neighbourhoods
– Community engagement
– Application of targeted policing and problem
solving

15. POLICE REFORM AND FUNDING
• Police and Crime Commissioners created in
2012
• Government budget cuts causing problems for
the police and policing

16. SOCIOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF
THE POLICE
• The police occupy an important segment of
both sociological and criminological
imagination
• Each construction alters the position and role
of the police
• Criminological theorists and where they place
the police in their respective theories makes
for interesting reading

17. SOCIOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF
THE POLICE (continued)
• Classical criminology:
– As offenders are rational choice actors, voluntarily
taking risks, the success of the police is measured in
terms of their ability to deter criminals from
committing crimes
– These can be through both situational and/or social
crime controls
• Critical criminology
– Holds the police as a state-controlled tool to regulate
citizens and manage conflict to reproduce the
dominant social and economic order
– Class-based discrimination is undertaken by using the
police

18. SOCIOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF
THE POLICE (further continued)
• Feminist Criminology:
– Lack of female recruitment in the police until the
late 20th century illustrates the patriarchal
institution that is the police
– Police are organisationally thought to be gender-
biased due to alleged poor handling of domestic
abuse, sexual assault and rape cases
– Police said to be state-funded and so state-run
tools of oppression of women

19. OCCUPATIONAL STRESSORS IN
POLICING
• It comes with the territory
• Exposure to physical burnout and psychological
stress are considered ‘normal’ for personnel
• Episodic stressors, such as active involvement in
criminal apprehension and traumatic incidents
cause drainage of energy and enthusiasm
• Effects of such stress can be alcoholism, divorce,
coronary heart disease, digestive disorders,
irritability, loss of appetite, chronic fatigue, or
even suicide in some cases

20. OCCUPATIONAL STRESSORS IN
POLICING (continued)
• Organisational stressors occur on a daily basis
and cause long-term physical, emotional and
personal problems
• Organisational stressors include:
– Dealing with demanding supervisors
– Being passed up for promotion
– Non-cooperation among fellow professionals
– Pension and salary worries
– Frustration at lack of resources and absence of
rewards

21. POLICE AND COUNTER-TERRORISM
• 9/11 and London bombings changed dynamic
of policing terrorism
• Increased use of CCTV cameras and
monitoring systems to give citizens feeling of
security (Foucalt’s panopticon – but in reverse!)
• Heavily reliant on intelligence networks and
partnerships
• Commentators argue that police follow a
paramilitary model to fight terror

22. RESTORATIVE POLICING
• Centres on the notion of doing justice by
repairing the harm of crime rather than simply
punishing or treating the offender
• Focus on both the offender and the victim
• Understood to be the most ‘ambitious’ form
of community-based policing
• A move away from problem-oriented policing
• Success reliant on individual police personnel

23. CRIMINAL PROFILING
• Used primarily for high-profile cases involving
serious offences, such as homicides,
kidnappings etc.
• Profiles involve typologies of psychological,
physiological, historical, and geographic
factors
• Relies heavily on skills and expertise of
individual profilers
• Significantly less glamorous than media
depictions

24. CRIMINAL PROFILING (continued)
• Problems associated with criminal profilers:
– Profiler Training
– Profiler Accessibility
– Profiler Utility
• The hazards of profiling as an investigative
tool:
– Creation of false leads
– Drainage of resources
– Legal challenges in court
– Bad Press if things go wrong

25. INTERNATIONAL CROSS-BORDER
POLICING
• Countries with political and military power
exerting dominance by crossing over to other
sovereign nations, often demanding
cooperation with an, “Or, else…” attitude
• US legislation, Integrated Cross Border Law
Enforcement Operations Act, now makes it
possible for American officers to enter other
nation states and make arrests, enjoying
powers of the police of the host nation

26. INTERNATIONAL CROSS-BORDER
POLICING (continued)
• Mutual agreements can also be entered into
for cooperation regarding apprehension and
extradition of criminals
• Joint operations and intelligence-sharing also
possibilities for transnational crime
• There are also organisations such as Interpol,
and International Police which specialise in
‘networked’ policing