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Biological Compounds
- 1. Chemistry Chapter 4 - Section 3 Biological Compounds
- 2. Polymer?
- 3. a molecule made up of many small organic molecules linked together with covalent bonds to form a long chain
- 4. Monomer?
- 5. small, organic molecules that link together to form polymers
- 6. Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer
- 7. Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Po Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer ly Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer m Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer er Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer
- 8. Natural Polymers produced by living things Synthetic Polymers produced in a lab
- 9. monomer polymer Polymerization chemical reaction in which monomers are bonded together to make a polymer
- 10. s! ! e in ot P r
- 11. Proteins are polymers!! A polymer that consists of a chain of individual amino acids linked together
- 12. Proteins ✦The various functions in your body are performed by different proteins. ✦Your body makes many of these proteins by assembling 20 amino acids in different ways. ✦Eight of the amino acids that are needed to make proteins cannot be produced by your body. These amino acids, which are called essential amino acids, must come from … ✦the food you eat!! That’s why you need to eat a diet containing protein-rich foods, like…
- 13. Proteins ✦Your body cannot function properly without proteins. ✦Proteins in the form of enzymes serve as catalysts and speed up chemical reactions in cells. ✦Some proteins make up the structural materials in ligaments, tendons, muscles, cartilage, hair, and fingernails. ✦Hemoglobin, which carries oxygen through the blood, is a protein polymer, and all body cells contain proteins.
- 16. s!! t e ra yd o h r b C a
- 17. Carbohydrates?
- 18. an organic compound that contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in a ratio of two hydrogen atoms to one
- 19. In the body, carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars that the body can use for energy.
- 22. Sugars?
- 23. Simple sugars are carbohydrates containing five, six, or seven carbon atoms arranged in a ring.
- 24. 3 types of sugars are glucose, fructose and sucrose.
- 25. These are isomers! Why???
- 26. Glucose is found in many naturally sweet foods, such as grapes and bananas.
- 27. Fructose is the sweet substance found in ripe fruit and honey. It often is found in corn syrup.
- 28. The sugar you probably have in your sugar bowl or use in baking a cake is sucrose.
- 29. glucose fructose
- 30. sucrose
- 31. Sucrose ✦In the body, sucrose cannot move through cell membranes. ✦It must be broken down into glucose and fructose to enter cells. ✦Inside the cells, these glucose and fructose are broken down further, releasing energy for cell functions.
- 32. Starches?
- 33. polymers of glucose monomers in which hundreds or even thousands of glucose molecules are joined together
- 34. glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glu glucose glucose cos e g luco se lucose g glu cos glucose glucose glucose e
- 35. Each sugar molecule releases energy when it is broken down, starches are sources of large amounts of energy.
- 36. Cellulose?
- 37. a polymer that consists of long chains of glucose units linked together
- 38. glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose
- 39. makes up the long, stiff fibers found in the walls of plant cells, like the strands that pull off the celery stalk
- 40. Cellulose ✦Although cellulose is a polymer of glucose, humans can’t use cellulose as a source of energy. ✦The human digestive system can’t convert cellulose into sugars. ✦Grazing animals, such as cows, have special digestive systems that allow them to break down cellulose into sugars.
- 41. Glycogen?
- 42. a polymer that also contains chains of glucose units, but the chains are highly branched
- 43. co se glu luc ose glucose e g cos e e cos cos glu glu glu glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glu cos glu glu e c cos glucose glucose ose glu e glu cos e gluc gluco cos ose gluc e se gluco ose se
- 44. Glycogen ✦Animals make glycogen and store it mainly in their muscles and liver as a ready source of glucos
- 45. s ! ! p i d L i
- 46. Lipids?
- 47. organic compound that contains the same elements as carbohydrates—carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but in different proportions
- 48. Lipids are the products of glycerol and three long- chain carboxylic acids coming together.
- 49. long carb chai gl ycerol oxy n l gro up
- 50. long chain carboxyl group glycerol
- 51. Lipids ✦Lipids are commonly called fats and oils, but they also are found in greases and waxes such as beeswax. ✦Wax is a lipid, but it is harder than fat because of its chemical composition. ✦Bees secrete wax from a gland in the abdomen to form beeswax, which is part of the honeycomb.
- 52. Lipids ✦Lipids store energy in their bonds, just as carbohydrates do, but they are a more concentrated source of energy than carbohydrates. ✦The chemical reaction that produces lipids is endothermic. ✦This means that energy is stored in the chemical bonds of lipids. ✦When your body needs energy, the bonds are broken and energy is released.
- 53. Lipids can also be Saturated and Unsaturated
- 54. ✦Saturated fats are solids because the straight chain molecules can pack together tightly. ✦They are saturated with hydrogen atoms; they have only single bonds. ✦Bacon and butter contain the saturated fat. ✦All animal fats are saturated fats.
- 55. ✦Unsaturated fats tend to be oils because their bent chains can’t get close together. ✦They are not saturated with hydrogen atoms; they contain a double or triple bonds. The place where the bond occurs is bent. ✦Olive oil and canola oil contain the unsaturated fat. ✦Unsaturated fats come from plants.
- 56. Cholesterol?
- 57. a complex lipid that is present in foods that come from animals, such as meat, butter, eggs, and cheese
- 58. Cholesterol ✦Cholesterol is not a fat. ✦Even if you don’t eat foods containing cholesterol, your body makes its own supply. ✦Your body needs cholesterol for building cell membranes. ✦Cholesterol is not found in plants, so oils derived from plants are free of cholesterol. However, the body can convert fats in these oils to cholesterol.