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Sarason11 ch02
1.
Theoretical Perspectives
2.
The importance of
paradigms Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005 1. It is necessary to have a paradigm in order to guide the questions that are asked--otherwise, research & conceptualization of problems would be aimless. 2) It is important to be aware of the assumptions or beliefs that are implicit to the paradigm. 3) It is important to be aware of other available paradigms--other possible explanations.
3.
Major paradigms in
psychopathology Biological models Psychological models Psychoanalytic models Behavioral models Cognitive-behavioral models Humanistic models Social environmental models Vulnerability models/ biopsychosocial models Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
4.
Major paradigms in
psychopathology Biological models: Genetic ↔ Structural ↔ Biochemical (especially neurotransmitter models) ↔ Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
5.
An example of
Behavioral Genetic Results Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
6.
The Nervous System Abnormal
Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
7.
Brain structures and
functions Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
8.
Neurotransmission Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by
Sarason & Sarason © 2005
9.
Major paradigms in
psychopathology Psychoanalytic models Sigmund Freud ↔ The Vienna Circle (Carl Jung; Alfred Adler) The Ego Analysts (Karen Horney; Eric Fromm) The Interpersonal School (Harry S. Sullivan) Object Relations Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
10.
Key Freudian Concepts:
Psychic determinism; the role of unconscious conflicts Personality is a closed energy system Sexuality, aggression and other instinctual drives shape the nature of personality Personality has 3 major components (id, ego and superego) ↔ Defense mechanisms Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
11.
Dimensions of the
Mind: Freud Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
12.
Key Freudian Concepts:
Psychosexual stages of development model oral stage (birth to 1 year) anal stage (1 to 3 years) phallic stage (3 to 6 years)--Oedipal & Electra complexes latency stage (6 to 12 years) genital (adolescence to adulthood) Fixation; the importance of early development Psychoanalysis - the talking cure (free association, dream analysis, interpretation, analysis of defenses, interpretation of transference). Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
13.
Major paradigms in
psychopathology Psychoanalytic models: Sigmund Freud ↔ The Vienna Circle (Carl Jung; Alfred Adler) The Ego Analysts (Karen Horney; Eric Fromm) The Interpersonal School (Harry S. Sullivan) Object Relations School (Heinz Kohut) Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
14.
Behavioral models Classical Conditioning
(I. Pavlov) ↔ Operant Conditioning The Law of Effect (Thorndike) Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
15.
Classical Conditioning Step 1:
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) > Unconditioned response (UCR) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) No response Step 2: Pairing UCS and CS > Conditioned Response (CR) + Step 3: Conditioned Stimulus (CS) > Conditioned Response (CR) Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
16.
Operant Conditioning Positive reinforcement-
increasing a behavior by providing a positive reinforcer when the behavior occurs Negative reinforcement- increasing a behavior by removing a negative reinforcer when the behavior occurs Punishment- decreasing a behavior by providing a negative reinforcer when the behavior occurs Extinction (omission training)- decreasing a behavior by removing a positive reinforcer when the behavior occurs Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
17.
Operant Conditioning Other concepts: -
Shaping - Schedules of reinforcement - Primary and secondary reinforcers Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
18.
Recent variations of
behavioral theory Social learning theory Delay of reinforcement Social modeling Cognitive- behavioral theory Information processing models of abnormal behavior Cognitive restructuring of mis-perceptions Irrational and Core beliefs Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
19.
The Humanistic/ Existential
or “3rd force” in psychotherapy Reacted against the determinism of psychoanalysis and behavior therapy (Carl Rogers) Focus is on conscious experiences, trying to understand the person from his/her frame of reference. Positive opinion about human nature--basically good, & if conditions are right, will grow & develop. Emphasis is on health, self-concept, self-actualization-- humans have an inborn need for growth. Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
20.
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy
of Needs Self-actualization Esteem Needs Belongingness Needs Safety Needs Physiological Needs Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
21.
Client-centered therapy (C.
Rogers) Major techniques: 1. Empathic listening/ unconditional positive regard 2. Reflection of content 3. Reflection of intent/ feeling Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
22.
The Community-Cultural Perspective Abnormal
Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005 1. Recognizes the importance of the context of problems-- poverty, homelessness, lack of education or personal resources, stigma & labeling, etc. 2. Maladaptive behavior is seen as a result of the inability to cope with external demands or stresses. 3. Recognizes role of families and social support in either increasing or reducing risk of mental disorder.
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