8. Progressive Era Reformers Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Du Bois

12. Southern trees bear a strange fruit, Blood on the leaves and blood at the root, Black body swinging in the Southern breeze, Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees. Pastoral scene of the gallant South, The bulging eyes and the twisted mouth, Scent of magnolia sweet and fresh, And the sudden smell of burning flesh! Here is a fruit for the crows to pluck, For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck, For the sun to rot, for a tree to drop, Here is a strange and bitter crop. Abel Meeropol , performed by Billie Holiday “Strange Fruit” (video footage)

13. LIFE Magazine – Civil Rights

14. The Civil Rights Movement

16. Battling Segregation

23. The Russell Daily News (Russell, Kansas), Monday, May 17, 1954.

24. Mrs. Nettie Hunt and daughter Nikie on the steps of the Supreme Court, 1954 .

25. Thomas J. O'Halloran. School integration, Barnard School, Washington, D.C. , 1955.

28. People across the country, like these from Poolesville, Maryland, in 1956, took to the streets to protest integration. This kind of opposition exposed the deep divide in the nation, and revealed the difficulty of enforcing the high court’s decision. (Courtesy of Washington Star Collection, Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library)

29. Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas; African American students arriving in a U.S. Army car. Supplied by NAACP

30. As white students jeer her and Arkansas National Guards look on, Elizabeth Eckford enters Little Rock Central High School in 1957 Eckford didn’t receive the call from the NAACP stating they would provide transportation; she set out along to desegregate Central High.

35. If any single event touched off the activist phase of the civil rights movement, it was the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955-56. Triggered by the refusal of a black seamstress, Mrs. Rosa Parks, to take her place at the back of a city bus when the driver demanded it, this grass-roots movement led by the young Martin Luther King lasted for just over a year, from 1955 to late in the next year. For the first time since the depression, political initiative shifted from Washington back into the country itself, in this case the courts, schools, lunch counters, courthouses, streets and jails of the South. ---from The Experience of Politics Cartoon by Laura Gray, first appeared in The Militant, 2/13/56

40. Triumphs of a Crusade

41. Freedom Riders

43. 1961

44. The Children’s March - 1963

46. Birmingham Church Bombing

56. “ I’m sick and tired of being sick and tired” Fannie Lou Hamer , American civil rights leader, at the Democratic National Convention, Atlantic City, New Jersey, August 1964

58. Challenges and Changes in the Movement

63. Malcolm X Early beliefs: Nation of Islam Later: views towards whites softened; “ballots or bullets” Stokely Carmichael Organizer for SNCC; later became a Black Panther

64. New Groups Emerge Nation of Islam* Whites = evil, black separatism, armed self-defense Black Panthers Black nationalism, black power, armed revolt, self-sufficiency, equal housing, employment, protested AA in Vietnam

70. Dr. King’s “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”