9. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 บทนาว ัสดุวศวกรรม
ิ
WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE AND
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
ENGINEERING?
Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether
mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will at one
time or another be exposed to a design problem
involving materials
9
10. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 บทนาว ัสดุวศวกรรม
ิ
What is Materials Science and Engineering ?
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
To Apply
Engineering Material knowledge
Material Science
Structure +
& Engineering Properties + Process
Material = Performance
Materials Fundamental
Knowledge
Science Of Materials 10
11. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering materials
1.1 บทนาว ัสดุวศวกรรม
ิ
What is Materials Science and Engineering ?
Structure
Performance
Properties Process 11
12. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 บทนาว ัสดุวศวกรรม
ิ
Structure
Subatomic level Electronic structure of individual
atoms that defines interaction among atoms
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
(interatomic bonding).
12
13. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 บทนาว ัสดุวศวกรรม
ิ
Atomic level Arrangement of atoms in materials (for
the same atoms can have different properties, e.g. two
forms of carbon: graphite and diamond)
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
13
14. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 บทนาว ัสดุวศวกรรม
ิ
Microscopic structure Arrangement of small grains of
material that can be identified by microscopy.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
14
15. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 บทนาว ัสดุวศวกรรม
ิ
Macroscopic structure Structural elements that may
be viewed with the naked eye.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
15
16. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 บทนาว ัสดุวศวกรรม
ิ
Length-scales
-10
Angstrom = 1Å = 1/10,000,000,000 meter = 10 m
-
Nanometer = 10 nm = 1/1,000,000,000 meter = 10
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
9
m
-6
Micrometer = 1μm = 1/1,000,000 meter = 10 m
-3
Millimeter = 1mm = 1/1,000 meter = 10 m
16
22. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
Metals
Materials in this group are composed of one or more
metallic elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper,
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
titanium, gold, and nickel)
Metals can be classify into 2 type
Ferrous
Non ferrous
22
25. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
Ceramics
Ceramics are compounds between metallic and
nonmetallic elements.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
They are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides.
For example, some of the common ceramic materials
include aluminum oxide (or alumina, Al2O ), silicon
3
dioxide (or silica, SiO ), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon
2
nitride (Si N )
3 4
25
26. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
Ceramics materials
Refractory material
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
engine valves
Exhaust engine
26
27. CERAMICS MATERIALS
Modern Ceramics Tradition Ceramics
Heat resistance material เครืองสุขภ ัฑ์
่
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
ถ้วย ฉาม
27
28. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
traditional ceramics
Those composed of clay minerals (i.e., porcelain), as well
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
as cement and glass.
Properties of Ceramic
strong—stiffnesses and strengths are comparable to those
of the metals.
ceramics are typically very hard.
extremely brittle (lack ductility) and are highly susceptible
to fracture.
Typically insulative to the passage of heat and electricity
(i.e., have low electrical conductivities.
28
29. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
Ceramics
More resistant to high temperatures and harsh(ความรุนแรง
ของสภาพอากาศ) environments than metals and polymers.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Regard to optical characteristics, ceramics may be
transparent, translucent, or opaque
29
31. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
Polymers
Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber
materials.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
There are organic compounds that are chemically based
on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements
(viz. O, N, and Si).
They have very large molecular structures, often chain-
like in nature with a backbone of carbon atoms.
The familiar polymers are polyethylene (PE), nylon,
poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polycarbonate (PC),
polystyrene (PS), and silicone rubber.
31
32. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
Structure Polymers
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
32
33. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
Properties Polymers
These materials typically have low densities.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
The mechanical characteristics are generally dissimilar
to the metallic and ceramic materials—they are not as
stiff nor as strong as.
The stiffnesses and strengths on a per-mass basis are
comparable to the metals and ceramics.
The polymers are extremely ductile and pliable(อ่อน,
ยืดหยุน)
่
They are easily formed into complex shapes.
33
34. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
Composites
A composite is composed of two (or more) individual
materials, which come from the metals, ceramics, and
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
polymers.
The design goal of a composite is to achieve a
combination of properties that is not displayed by any
single material
The most common composites is fiberglass, in which small
glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric material
(normally an epoxy or polyester).
important materials is the “Carbon Fiber Reinforced
Polymer” (or “CFRP”), high stiffness and ductility.
34
35. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Bar-chart of room-temperature density values for various 35
metals, ceramics, polymers, and composite materials.
36. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Bar-chart of room-temperature stiffness (i.e., elastic modulus) 36
values for various metals, ceramics, polymers, and composite
materials.
37. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Bar-chart of room-temperature strength (i.e., tensile strength) 37
38. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
38
Bar-chart of room-temperature resistance to fracture (i.e.,
fracture toughness)
39. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Classification of Materials
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
39
Bar-chart of room-temperature electrical conductivity ranges
41. 1.3 HISTORY OF METAL
ในทางโบราณคดีนยมตังชอยุควัสดุทใช ้
ิ ้ ื่ ี่
Stone age
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Bronze age
Iron age
Scientific age
41
42. 1.3 HISTORY OF METAL
Stone age
้ ่
ยุคหิน มนุษย์ใชวัสดุจากธรรมชาติ เชน หิน, ไม ้, เถาวัลย์ มา
้ ั
ทายุทโธปกรณ์ ใชในการล่าสตว์และรบ
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
แข็ง(คม)
เปราะ(แตกหักง่าย)
42
43. 1.3 HISTORY OF METAL
Bronze age
่ ้ ึ่
โลหะทีใชได ้แก่ ทองคา, เงิน, ตะกัว ซงพบในสภาพโลหะตาม
่
ธรรมชาติ
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
เหนียว(Ductility)
แข็งแรงกว่าหิน
มีน้ าหนั กมาก
่
สวนผสมหลักเป็ นโลหะทองแดง
43
44. 1.3 HISTORY OF METAL
Iron age
ให ้ความแข็งแรงมากกว่าทองแดงผสม
น้ าหนักเบากว่าทองแดงผสม
ต ้านทานการกัดกร่อนได ้น ้อยกว่าทองแดง
ขึนรูปได ้ยากกว่าทองแดงผสม
้
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
่ ่
เหล็กคุณภาพตามาก (แข็ง+เปราะ) สวนใหญ่ขนรูปโดยการหล่อ
ึ้
44
45. 1.3 HISTORY OF METAL
Scientific age
วัสดุมความแข็งแรงสูง
ี ต้านทานการก ัดกร่อนได้ด ี
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
นาหน ักเบา
้
ี ี
ทนการเสยดสและ อุณหภูมได้สง
ิ ู
45
46. 1.3 HISTORY OF METAL
Scientific age
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
คุณสมบ ัติความเปนแม่เหล็ ก
็
การนาไฟฟา
้
46
คุณสมบ ัติความเปนแม่เหล็ ก
็
49. INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE & STRENGTH
Increasing temperature
normally reduces the strength of
a material.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Polymers are suitable only at
low temperatures.
Some composites, such as
carbon-carbon composites,
special alloys, and ceramics, have
excellent properties at high
temperatures.
49
53. สาหรับ Fe มีด ้านของ unit cell ยาว 0.287 nm ดังนันระยะทาง 1 cm
้
จะเท่ากับ unit cell ของ Fe มาเรียงต่อกันจานวน
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
ิ ี่
สามสบสล ้านแปดแสน Unit Cell !!!!!
53
54. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Many times, a materials problem is one
of selecting to the right material.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
How to select??????????????
The selecting to the right of material.
First of all, the service conditions must be characterized.
A second selection consideration is any deterioration of
material properties that may occur during service operation.
Finally, probably the overriding consideration is that of
economics
54
62. ADVANCED MATERIALS
Magnetic Materials
Computer hard disks and audio and video cassettes make use
of many ceramic, metallic, and polymeric materials.
For example, particles of a special form of iron oxide,
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
gamma iron oxide (g-Fe2O3) are deposited on a polymer
substrate to make audio cassettes.
Computer hard disks are made using alloys based on cobalt-
platinum-tantalum chromium (Co-Pt-Ta-Cr) alloys.
Magnetic ferrites are used to make inductors and components
for wireless communications.
Steels based on iron and silicon are used to make transformer
62
cores.
63. ADVANCED MATERIALS
Photonic or Optical
Materials
Silica is used widely for making
optical fibers installed around
the world.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Optical materials are used for
making semiconductor
detectors and lasers used in
fiber optic communications.
Alumina (Al O ) and yttrium
2 3
aluminum garnets (YAG) are
used for making lasers.
63
64. ADVANCED MATERIALS
Photonic or Optical
Materials
Amorphous silicon is
used to make solar cells.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Polymers are used to
make liquid crystal
displays (LCDs)
64
65. CONCLUSION
Materials engineering
Material Classification
Mechanical properties
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Physical properties
Nature of Metal
Selection of Materials
Advance Materials
65
67. Select one or more of the modern items or devices listed
below, and then conduct an Internet search in order to
determine what specific material(s) is (are) used and what
specific properties this (these) material(s) possess(es) in
order for the device/item to function properly. Finally,
write a short essay in which you report your findings.
materials
chapter 1 Introduction to engineering
Cell phone/digital camera batteries
Cell phone displays
Solar cells
Wind turbine blades
Fuel cells
Automobile engine blocks (other than cast iron)
Automobile bodies (other than steel alloys)
Space telescope mirrors
Military body armor
Sports Equipment
Soccer balls
Basketballs 67