The scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment.

1. Ecology
Prof. Liwayway Memije-Cruz

2. Science
is a systematic enterprise
that builds and
organizes knowledge in
the form of
testable explanations
and predictions about
the universe
refers to a way of pursuing
knowledge
to know

3. Environment
theair, water, minerals,
organisms, and all other
external factorssurrounding
and affecting agiven
organism at any time.
the social and cultural forces t
hat shape the life
of a person or a population.

4. Environmental Science
Environmental scienceisthestudy
of theenvironment and the
interconnecting systemsit contains,
aswell astheway peopleinteract
with their natural surroundingsand
usenatural resources.
Many environmental scientists,
including thosewho havehelped
develop alternativeenergy systems,
striveto find sustainablewaysto use
natural resources.

5. Environmental Education
isdesigned to increasepublic awarenessand knowledge
about environmental issuesor problems.
it providesthepublic with thenecessary skillsto make
informed decisionsand takeresponsibleaction.

6. TheConcept of Web of Life

8. The scientific study of the
distribution and abundance of
living organisms and how the
distribution and abundance are
affected by interactions between
the organisms and their
environment.
Ecolog
y

9. Definitionsof Ecology:
the study of organisms at home
the study of the relationships of
organisms or groups of organisms to
their environment
the science of interrelationships
between living organisms to their
environment
totality of man to their environment

10. Classification of Ecology
Ecophysiology and Behavioral ecology examine
adaptations of the individual to its environment.
Autecology studies the dynamics of populations of a
single species.
Community ecology (or synecology) focuses on
the interactions between species within an ecological
community.
Ecosystem ecology studies the flows of energy and
matter through the biotic and abiotic components of
ecosystems.
Landscape ecology examines processes and
relationship across multiple ecosystems or very large
geographic areas.

11. Planet Earth

13. TheBiosphere
 The part of the earth and its atmosphere in
which living organisms exist or that is capable of
supporting life.
 The living organisms and their environment
composing the biosphere
 “sphere of life,”

14. Photosynthesis

15. Photosynthesis
The trapping of solar energy and its conversion to chemical
energy, which is used in manufacturing of food molecules
from carbon dioxide and water.

18. Respiration – themetabolic assimilation of oxygen with
production of carbon dioxideand water, releaseof energy and
breaking down of organic substances

19. Ecosystem
The total
interrelation
ship of all
matter-
energy
cycles of
plants and
animals
within a
community.

20. Structural Componentsof an Ecosystem
(BIOTIC)

21. Trophic Level
The steps
involved in
the flow of
energy
through an
ecosystem
are referred
to as
trophic
levels.

22. Organic Compounds:
Carbohydratesarethemost abundant and cheapest
compoundsof carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Proteinsarethevery stuff of life. and maintenanceof
theliving organisms.
Lipid isany group of organic compoundsincluding
fats, oils and waxes.
Amino Acidsareany of the groups of organic
compoundsof nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon and oxygen
that combinein variouswaysto form proteinsthat
makeup theliving matter.

24. Structural Components of an
Ecosystem (ABIOTIC)
Organic Compounds
(Carbohydrates,Proteins, Fats)
Inorganic Compounds (Biogeochemical
Cycles)
- Water Cycle (Hydrological Cycle)
- Carbon/Oxygen Cycle
- Nitrogen Cycle
- Phosphorus Cycle
Climate Regime

25. Hydrologic Cycle

26.  Reservoir or portion of earth that acts
as storehouse for element.
 Exchange pool or part of environment
from which producers take nutrients.
 Biotic community where elements
move along food chains to and from the
exchange pool.
Cycling processes forotherelements
involve:

28. Plants need good soil and water. In the course of
circulating throughout Earth, water makes its way through
organisms in the biosphere as well as reservoirs housed within
the geosphere. It also circulates continuously between the
hydrosphere and the atmosphere. This movement, known as
the hydrologic cycle, is driven by the twin processes of
evaporation and transpiration.
• Evaporation - the means whereby liquid water is converted
into a gaseous state and transported to the atmosphere
•Transpiration - the process by which plants lose water
through their stomata, small openings on the undersides of
leaves.
The atmosphere is the only major reservoir of water on Earth
that is not considered part of the hydrosphere.

29. Carbon and Oxygen Cycle

31. Phosphorous Cycle
• Weathering of rocks makes phosphate ions (PO4
=
and
HPO4
=
) available to plants through uptake from the soil.
• Detergents, untreated human and animal wastes, and
fertilizers from cropland add excess phosphate to water often
causing population explosions (algal blooms) in lakes.

32. Food Chain
The
passage of energy
from one tropic
level to the next
as a result of one
organism
consuming
another

33. Food Web: A
network of
interlinked food
chains composed
of primary
producers and
decomposers.

36. Diversity
The number of species of animals and plants in a given
community

38. A processof changein biological
systemsdueto forcesin the
environment
Thewidely accepted concept that
populationsof living thingscan change
genetically over timeand that this
changecan lead to apopulation that is
very well adapted to itsenvironment. –
Theory of Evolution
Evolution

39. Ecological Succession
- progressivechangesin community structurethrough
time

40. Ecological Succession
orderly
process of
community
development
that involves
changes in
species
structure and
community
process with
time

41. Cybernetics
Scienceof control
Community Interactions

42. Interspecific Competition
plays an important role
in the regulation of
natural populations and
in the structuring of
ecological communities
may involve direct
aggressive interaction
resulting in injury or
death to competitors
due to their
morphological and
behavioral adaptations
for killing

43. Intraspecific Competition
interactions among organisms of the same
species

44. Mutualism - apositive, obligatory
relationship between two species

45. Commensalism

46. Parasitism

47. Predation

48. Terrestrial Ecosystem
Biome – composed of distinctive plant
formations/geographical areas on the landmasses
of the earth
A group of plants that dominates a terrestrial biome
is called climax vegetation. The amount of rainfall,
the temperature, the amount of sunlight, and the
configuration of the land are important physical
factors contributing to the climate of various
regions in the biosphere. The climate will influence
the type of vegetation and thus the kind of animals
that can live in the area. Specific terrestrial biomes
are: tundra, coniferous forest, deciduous forest,
grassland, deserts, and rainforest.

49. Tundra
 the large area that encircles the Arctic Ocean.
 the biome with a very cold, dry climate. The ground is
permanently frozen to a depth of about one meter (3.3 feet) below
the surface known as permafrost.
 During the continuous daylight or summer, the surface thaws
resulting to the formation of many bogs, streams, and ponds.

50. Taiga
• world's largest terrestrial biome and
is characterized by coniferous forests.
• it covers most of inland Alaska,
Canada, Sweden, Finland, inland
Norway and Russia as well as parts of
the extreme northern continental
United States, northern Kazakhstan
and Japan.
• also known as having some small-
leaved deciduous trees like birch,
alder, willow and aspen; mostly in
areas escaping the most extreme
winter cold.
• the southernmost part of the taiga
also have trees like oak, maple and elm
scattered among the conifers.

51. ConiferousForest
• composed mainly
of spruce, pine, fir
and other evergreens.
• directly and
indirectly provide
nourishment and
shelter to plants,
animals and
organisms in their
environment.

52. Grasslands
 biomes often found in
areas where yearly rainfall is
between 25 and 75 centimeter
(10 to 30 inches). This
amount of rainfall is not
enough to support the large
trees, but it sufficient enough
for most species of grasses
 considered natural
pastures and have been for
centuries used by huge herds
of grazing animals. The
spreading roots of grasses hold
the soil.