This document outlines what a literature review is, its purpose, and the process for conducting one. It defines a literature review as an analysis and synthesis of previous scholarly work on a topic. The main purposes are to evaluate existing knowledge, identify gaps, and provide context for further research. Key differences from an essay are that a literature review focuses on summarizing others' work rather than making an original argument. The research process involves identifying sources, critically evaluating them, organizing findings, and synthesizing major themes and gaps.

1. Literature ReviewCIE 1001 Presented by Monique Flaccavento OISE Library October 28, 2009

2. Agenda What is a literature review? What is its purpose? How does a literature review differ from an academic research paper? Steps in the research process

3. Agenda Finding relevant literature Writing your literature review

4. What is a literature review? “an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers” Dena Taylor, Health Sciences Writing Centre, University of Toronto http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/literature-review

5. What is a literature review? “a piece of discursive prose, not a list describing or summarizing one piece of literature after another” Dena Taylor, Health Sciences Writing Centre, University of Toronto http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/literature-review

6. What is a literature review? “[It] may be a self-contained unit -- an end in itself -- or a preface to and rationale for engaging in primary research.” The Writing Centre, University of Wisconsin-Madison http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/ReviewofLiterature.html

7. What is a literature review? “A review is a required part of grant and research proposals and often a chapter in theses and dissertations.” The Writing Centre, University of Wisconsin-Madison http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/ReviewofLiterature.html

8. What is its purpose? “Generally, the purpose of a review is to analyze critically a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles.” The Writing Centre, University of Wisconsin-Madison http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/ReviewofLiterature.html

9. What is its purpose? The literature review helps a researcher identify gaps in a body of knowledge worthy of further research.

10. What is its purpose? The literature review: “summarizes and evaluates existing knowledge on a particular topic. Its purpose is to produce a position on the state of that knowledge; this is the thesis” Machi, Lawrence A. & Brenda T. McEvoy. (2009). The Literature review: Six steps to success. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, p. 2

11. How does it differ from an essay? “the main focus of an academic research paper is to support your own argument” The Writing Centre University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/literature_review.html

12. How does it differ from an essay? “the focus of a literature review is to summarize and synthesize the arguments and ideas of others.” The Writing Centre University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/literature_review.html

13. The Research Process 1. Identify your topic. Formulate a clear research question. 2. Identify keywords and descriptors or subject headings. 3. Make a list of the catalogues, databases / indexes, and websites you plan to search.

14. The Research Process 4. Search: library catalogues (for books, encyclopaedias, reports, journals, theses, etc.) article databases available through UTL (such as ERIC, PsycInfo, PAIS International, Source OECD); Data Library site

15. The Research Process Theses (catalogue, T-Space, Dissertations and Theses: Full-Text, AMICUS (LAC)) CIDEC R&D Database (http://cide.oise.utoronto.ca/database.php) Google Scholar Websites – Government, United Nations organizations, etc.

16. The Research Process 5. Refine, focus, or expand your topic as well as your keywords and descriptors 6. Scan the literature and critically appraise sources to determine which are the most relevant to your research.

17. Ask Questions Who is the author? Is he / she a respected and / or well-cited scholar in the field? Has the article / study been published in a scholarly / academic / peer-reviewed journal? Has the book been published by a reputable publisher?

18. Ask Questions Is the author of the website a reputable organization / individual? How current is the information? When was it last updated? Are the research methods employed sound? Is there bias in the article?

19. Tip Consider using a citation index (Scopus or Web of Knowledge) or Google Scholar to help you determine which articles are seminal works in your field. Remember, though, that this is not the only criteria which should be used to measure an article’s “worth”.

20. Tips Checkyour course outline for a list of well-respected CIDE journals Search Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory to determine if a journal is scholarly (“refereed”) Some databases allow you to limit your searches to peer-reviewed / scholarly articles

21. Try not to exclude articles which are contrary to your point of view.

22. The Research Process 7. Revise your topic. You may need to broadenor narrow the scope of your research problem, and refine your keywords / descriptors / subject headings 8. Survey the literature: summarize the most relevant articles / research

23. The Research Process 9. Create a “literature map”. Group or organize the literature hierarchically, by theme / by important concepts / etc. 10. Synthesize the literature. Ask yourself what is known about this issue, what major themes have emerged in the literature, and what gaps remain in the body of knowledge.

24. The Writing Process A clear, concise guide is available online: http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/ReviewofLiterature.html The guide includes suggestions regarding what should be included in the introduction, the body, and the conclusion of your literature review.

25. Another excellent resource is: Machi, Lawrence A. & Brenda T. McEvoy. (2009). The Literature review: Six steps to success. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. (call number 001.4 M149L). 1 copy of this book is available on short term loan at the OISE Library (Available at the Circulation Desk).

26. We’re here to help! In person: at the Reference Desk By phone: 416-978-1860 By email: askeloise@oise.utoronto.ca Via live chat: askON Or, book an in-depth reference consultation…

27. Or, book an in-depth consultation… Monique Flaccavento 416-978-1867 monique.flaccavento@utoronto.ca

28. Questions?

29. Thank you!