Dynamically assembled REST Microservices using JAX-RS and... Microservices? - Neil Bartlett

Copyright © 2005 - 2016 Paremus Ltd.
May not be reproduced by any means without express permission. All rights reserved.
OSGi Community Event Nov 2016
OSGi Community Event 2016
co-located at
EclipseCon Europe 2016
Dynamically assembled REST microservices
using JAX-RS and... microservices?
Neil Bartlett
http://www.paremus.com
info@paremus.com

Introduction

What are Microservices?

What are Microservices?
• Ignoring the “OSGi Services are microservices” argument for now!
• Microservices are commonly understood to be:
• Small, independently deployable units of functionality;
• Decoupled from internal details;
• Resilient to failure;
• Potentially implemented in heterogeneous languages.

The Isolation Curve
Monolithic
Method
Classes
OSGi
Isolation
Cost
Process
VM Physical
Server
Regional
Datacentre
Datacentre on
Mars
Container
“Microservices”

Process/Container Level Isolation
• Communication implies networking.
• Serialisation, deserialisation, addressing, etc.
• Many approaches taken over the years!
• CORBA
• RMI
• COM
• SOAP
• DDS
• Thrift, Avro, Protobuf …

RESTful Microservices

What is REST
• REpresentational State Transfer – from Roy Fielding’s dissertation.
• An architectural style that focuses on:
• Resources vs Procedures
• Limited set of operations (e.g. CRUD)
• Flexibility and adaptability
• Compliance with web and internet structures.
• “It’s how the Web works”.
• Bonus: plays nicely with caches and proxies.
• Does not dictate message formats. Clients can request preferred format.

Advantages of REST vs RPC
• Excellent cross-language support compatibility.
• Well deﬁned behaviour, e.g. idempotency.
• Adaptable — easier for client and server to evolve and deploy
independently.
• In theory unversioned, self-documenting APIs.
• Clients can navigate links and “discover” the shape of the API.

Disadvantages of REST vs RPC
• Impedance mismatch with mainstream languages.
• RPC is easier for quick-and-dirty jobs.
• In practice, REST APIs are versioned… much to Fielding’s disgust!
• See Docker, GitHub, etc.
• In practice, clients do expect speciﬁc versions, and break on mismatch.
• Coding a fully ﬂexible, adaptive client is a lot of work!

JAX-RS

JAX-RS
• Java API for RESTful Web Services.
• Eases the impedance mismatch for writing REST resources in Java.
• Java EE specification.
• JSR 311 defined JAX-RS 1.1 in 2009.
• JSR 339 defined JAX-RS 2.0 in 2013.
• Added client API, async HTTP on server side, filters and interceptors.

Resource Classes
• JAX-RS allows us to define Resources as plain Java classes.
• Annotations control how the resource responds to web requests:
• @Path – specifies a relative path for the resource or a method
• @GET, @PUT, @POST, @DELETE, @HEAD, @OPTIONS specify the
HTTP request type for a resource method
• @Produces – specifies the media type a method will produce
• @Consumes – specifies the media type a method can accept

Simple Example
@Path(“foo”)
public class Foo {
@GET @Path(“test”)
@Produces(TEXT_PLAIN)
public String getFoo() { return “hello”; }
@Produces(APPLICATION_JSON)
public String getFooJson() { return “{‘hello’:’’}”; }
}
• The JAX-RS engine chooses which method to call based on the client’s
Accept header. E.g. Accept: application/json

Parameterised Paths
@GET @Path(“test/{name}”)
public String getFoo(@PathParam(“name”) String name) {
return “hello ” + name;
}
• The JAX-RS engine chooses which method to call based on the client’s
Accept header. E.g. Accept: application/json

Field Injection
@Path(“foo”)
public class Foo {
@Context HttpHeaders headers;
@Context UriInfo uriInfo;
public String getFoo(String name) {
headers.getRequestHeaders()
.getFirst(“Last-Event-ID”);
…
}
}

Automatic Transformation
• Use JAXB to deﬁne mapping to JSON or XML.
• Saves complicated manual serialisation.
• NB: Requires JAXB annotations on the Product class.
@Path(“foo”)
public class Foo {
@GET
@Produces({ APPLICATION_JSON, APPLICATION_XML })
public Product getProduct(String id) {
Product p = // …
return p;
}
}

JAX-RS in OSGi

JAX-RS in OSGi
• Using JAX-RS directly in OSGi is tricky.
• Resources conﬁgured by class name… not ideal in a modular world.
• Could use the Web Application spec (WABs) but then we lose a lot of
OSGi goodness like Declarative Services.

JAX-RS in OSGi
• Mapping OSGi Services to JAX-RS is fairly obvious idea.
• Whiteboard style: to provide a Resource, simply provide a Service.
• Several open source implementations.
• Most notably osgi-jaxrs-connector from EclipseSource.
• Time to standardise!
• Apply latest techniques and lessons from enRoute.
• RFC 217 under development.

JAX-RS in OSGi
• JAX-RS Resources are similar to Servlets.
• We already have the Http Whiteboard…
• Why not reuse it?

JAX-RS Resource Service
• Publish a service of any type.
• Attach marker property osgi.jaxrs.resource.base.
• Marks the property as a JAX-RS resource, and deﬁnes the base URI.
osgi.jaxrs.resource.base=example

JAX-RS Resource Component
• Publish a service of any type.
• Attach marker property osgi.jaxrs.resource.base.
• Marks the property as a JAX-RS resource, and deﬁnes the base URI.
@Component(
service=Object.class,
property=“osgi.jaxrs.resource.base=jaxrs")
@Path(“foo”)
public class Foo {
@GET
public String getFoo() { … }
}

JAX-RS Resource Component
• Note: service=Object.class
• The component must be published as a service of some type.
• The component does not implement an interface…
• therefore bnd would not normally declare a service element.
• The service attribute forces bnd to declare a service element.

What’s the Path?
@Component(
property=“osgi.jaxrs.resource.base=example")
@Path(“foo”)
public class Foo {
@GET
@Path(“test”)
public String getFoo() { … }
}
• http://<host>:<port>/example/foo/test

Scopes
• In “plain” JAX-RS, resources objects are created and destroyed on each
request.
• This doesn’t match the normal OSGi service lifecycle.
• The previous example runs as a “singleton” in JAX-RS terms.
• We can switch to prototype scope by specifying:
scope=ServiceScope.PROTOTYPE

Scopes
• NB: don’t use injected @Context ﬁelds in a singleton!
• Use as method parameters instead.
• Or use prototype scope if the component is cheap to create.
@GET @Path(“{name}”)
public String getFoo(
@PathParam(“name”) String name,
@Context HttpHeaders headers) {
// …
}

JAX-RS Applications
• Sometimes we cluster related Resources into an Application.
• Applications are provided in the same way.
• Note slightly different property declaration.
@Component(
property=“osgi.jaxrs.application.base=example")
@Path(“myapp”)
public class MyApplication extends Application {
@Override
public Set<Class<?>> getClasses() {
return Stream.of(MyResource1.class,
MyResource2.class, …)
.collect(toSet());
}
}

Endpoint Advertisement

Problem
• You are writing a microservices client…
• Where is the back-end service??
• Choices:
• Hard code URL;
• Manually conﬁgure URL;
• DNS tricks.

OSGi Remote Services
• Remote Services is a speciﬁcation for publishing and invoking services
across a network.
Provider Consumer
Remote Services Provider Remote Services Provider
???

Consuming REST Resources
• But a REST resource cannot be invoked like a normal service!
• We don’t use Remote Services this way.
• The JAX-RS whiteboard provides an Endpoint service with no methods.
• That service carries a property named osgi.jaxrs.uri
• … the URI that can be used to access the JAX-RS resource.

REST
Resource
HTTP
Server
Endpoint
URI=http://.../rest
REST
Client
http

• Declarative Services code snippet.
• Note: our component depends on the remote REST resource!
• Can depend on multiple resources, using different target ﬁlters.
• This component could be another JAX-RS resource!
@Reference(target = “(osgi.jaxrs.name=MyResource)”)
void setEndpoint(Endpoint ep, Map<String,Object> props) {
this.uri = converter
.convert(props.get(“osgi.jaxrs.uri”))
.to(String.class);
}
// Later…
client.target(uri).request();

Dynamically Connecting/Reconnecting, Self-
Assembling Distributed Applications
• If a part crashes, just restart anywhere else.

Coding Clients
• Use the JAX-RS 2.0 Client API. ClientBuilder is available as a
service.
• Integrated with OSGi Promises for async invocation.
PromiseHandler<String> handler = new PromiseHandler<>();
clientBuilder.build()
.target(uri)
.path(“/foo”).path(“/{name}”)
.resolveTemplate(“name”, getNameParam())
.request().async().get(handler);
Promise<String> result = handler.getPromise();

Reminder: Promises are Cool
• Promises can be used to chain together a series of async REST calls.
requestMapCoords(postcode)
.flatMap(c -> findNearestSchool(c))
.flatMap(s -> requestExamRanking(s))
…

Implementation & Demo

Specification Status
• RFC 217
• View on GitHub: github.com/osgi/design → rfcs/rfc0217
• Expected in OSGi Release 7, around Q2-Q3 2017.
• Not yet a chapter in the Early Draft compendium.
• RFC Author: Tim Ward, Paremus.
• RI will be developed by Liferay.
• Based on CXF JAX-RS.
• Ongoing implementation work in Apache Aries.

DEMO

Want to See More?
• Go to Tim Ward’s talk tomorrow at 10:15 in Schubartsaal.
• “Transaction Control – A functional approach to modular transaction
management”
• Demo includes a CRUD microservice implemented with this spec.

www.paremus.com @Paremus info@paremus.com

Dynamically assembled REST Microservices using JAX-RS and... Microservices? - Neil Bartlett

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Dynamically assembled REST Microservices using JAX-RS and... Microservices? - Neil Bartlett