4. 1. PHYLUM : PORIFERA
( Porus=pore; ferre=bear; sponges)
Porifera are commonly called sponges, mostly marine
but may live in fresh water.
Mostly sessile (stalk less) and attach to substratum.
They are asymmetrical.
They have cellular level organization.
They have a single large opening called osculum.
(intake and exit of food through a single opening). They
lack mouth, digestive cavity and anus.
Sponges are covered with hard outer skeleton.
Reproduction is both asexual as well as sexual.
Examples: sycon, euplectella , euspongia etc.
6. 2. PHYLUM :
COELENTERATA/CNIDRIA
(koilos=hollow; enteron= gut)
These all organisms are aquatic (marine or fresh water.)
They may be solitary or colonial.
They have tissue level of organization but lacks organ and organ
system. Symmetry is radial.
It has a single aperture, the mouth. It has no anus. Mouth bears
tentacles (flexible processes).
They have special stinging cells, called cnidoblasts for defense
purposes.
Reproduction is mainly asexual but sometimes undergoes sexual
reproduction.
Fertilization may be internal or external. Hard skeleton occurs in
corals
Example: hydra(fresh water polyp), obelia (the sea fur), Aurelia (jelly
fish).
8. 3. PHYLUM : PLATYHELMINTHES
(platys=flat; helmins=worm; flatworm)
These are most primitive, soft, leaf or ribbon like
organisms without segmentation.
These are mostly parasites, few are free living.
They attach to the host by suckers or hooks.
They are the first animals to have third primary
germ layer, this shows tissue differentiation leading
to organ formation.
Digestive track is incomplete. They have flame-
cells for excretion.
They are mostly hermaphrophite (bisexual).
Examples: dugesia (planaria), fasciola (liver fluke),
taenia solium (tape worms).
10. 4. PHYLUM : NEMATODA
(Roundworms)
Animal body is cylindrical, flattened, bilateral,
triploblastic(third layer), unsegmented.
Size of the body varies from microscopic to several
centimeters in length.
Body wall is covered with tough cuticle. Cilia are
absent.
Pseudocoelom (false body cavity) is present.
Digestive track is complete.
Sexes are separate (bisexual).
These are generally parasites and causes diseases.
They may be free living in soil or water.
Examples: ascaris (intestinal sound-worm),
hookworm, pinworm filarial worm.
11. ENTEREOBIUM
(THE PIN WORM)
ASCARIS (MALE
AND FEMALE)
12. 5. PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
(Annelus=a ring; segmented worms)
Animal body is soft, elongated, bilateral, flattened.
Body is divided into segments by rings like groove and
annule.
Body bears locomotory appendages, parapodia, setae.
Alimentary canal is complete, straight and extends from
mouth to anus. These are first animals to have true body cavity.
The specialized cells called metanephridia helps in excretion.
Closed circulatory system has appeared and nervous system
starts developing.
Reproduction occurs by sexual means. Sexes may be
separate (unisexual) or united (hermaphroditic).
Examples: nereis (the sandworm), pheretima (earthworm),
tubiflex (bloodworm).
14. 6. PHYLUM : ARTHOPDA
(Arthos=jointed; podos=foot; animals with jointed
feet)
It is the largest phylum includes prawn, crabs, insects,
spiders, etc.
They occur in soil, water and as parasites in plants and
animals.
Body is segmented externally but not separated internally.
Body is divided into 3 regions: head, thorax and abdomen.
Interior part of the body forms head and bears sense organs
and small brain. Sexes are separate.
Hard exoskeleton is made up of cuticle. Body contains blood,
alimentary canal is complete, respiration take place by gills,
trachea, book lungs etc.
Examples: prawn, lobsters, housefly, dragon etc.
16. 7. PHYLUM : MOLLUSCA
(molluscus = soft)
It includes aquatic organisms like snails, octopus, slugs,
oysters etc.
Animal body is soft, unsegmented without appendages.
. Body is divided into 3 regions: head, visceral mass and
foot.
. Sometimes body is covered by fleshy folds called
mantle.
. In most cases, calcarious shell is secreted by mantle
which covers the body.
. Alimentary canal is complete. Respiration is through
gills and sexes are separate.
. Examples: octopus, snail, logio, sepia etc.
18. 8.. PHYLUM :: ECHINODERMATA
8 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
(Spiny skinned animals)
(Spiny skinned animals)
. These are marine, gregarious(at bottom), slow
moving animals.
. The shape of the animal ay be star-like,
cylindrical, melon, flower-like etc.
. Body is covered by spines. True body cavity,
podia for movement and all animals lacks head.
. Sexes are separate.
. Examples: a s te ria s (starfish), ho lo thuria ns
(sea-cucumber), a nte d o n (feather star)
20. 9. PHYLUM : CHORDATA
PROTOCHORDATA
PROTOCHORDATA VERTEBRAT
VERTEBRAT
A
A
MAMMALI
MAMMALI
PISCES
PISCES AMPHIBIA
AMPHIBIA REPTILIA
REPTILIA AVES
AVES
A
A
21. Subphylum :: PROTOCHORDATA
Subphylum PROTOCHORDATA
. These animals have notochords at early stage
of life.
. Notochord provides place for attachment of
muscles, internal support and locomotory
powers.
. These are mainly bilateral, unsegmented,
triploblastic, have body cavity, marine, soft and
have warm or vase like body.
Examples : amphioxus, balanoglossus, herd
23. Subphylum : VERTEBRATA
. These are bilateral, triploblastic, have body
cavity.
. The animal body consists of 4 regions: head,
neck, trunk and tail.
. Well developed nervous system and sense
organs.
. There are 2 pairs of appendages (fins or limbs).
. Respiration is through gills. Sexes are separate.
. Vertebrata is divided into 5 classes:
24.
25. Cold blooded animals having 2
chambered heart.
Body may be long, laterally compressed
and spindle shaped.
It consists of head, trunk and tail. Skin is
covered with scales.
They are egg laying animals.
Fertilization is external. Fishes breathe
through gills.
27. There are many kinds of fishes. They have been
broadly grouped under 3 categories:
1. CYCLOSTOMATA : The round mouthed fishes.
Example :- The hag fish, the lamprey.
2. CHONDRICHTHYES : The cartilaginous fishes.
Examples :- Scoliodon (dog fish or the Indian Shark),
Sting ray, electric ray (torpedo).
28. Scoliodon (dog
fish or the Indian
Shark)
3. OSTEICHTHYES :
The body fishes.
Examples :- labio
rogita (rohu),
hippocampus (sea
horse), tuna, etc.
hippocampus (sea
horse)
29. The animals included in ambhibia are called
amphibians.
Respiration can takes place by gills, skin and
lungs. Heart is 3 chambered.
There are 2 pairs of pentadactyl limbs. The skin is
smooth, moist, rich in mucous and poison glands.
Scales are mostly absent.
Amphibians occur in fresh water and moist land.
There are no marine forms.
Examples :- rana tigerina (Indian frog), bufo (toad),
hyla (tree frog), necturus (mud puppy) etc.
31. It includes lizards, snakes, tortoises, turtles, etc.
These are terrestrial animals and live in warmer
regions.
These are cold blooded. Body is covered by
waterproof scales.
Teeth are usually present in all reptiles except in
tortoises and turtles. Respiration occurs by lungs.
Heart is 3 chambered. Most reptiles are
carnivorous or insectivorous but tortoises are
herbivorous.
Example: Hemidactylus (wall lizard), chameleon,
varanus, python, Draco, cobra, crocodiles, etc.
33. The class aves includes birds which are the most
beautiful. They range in size from smallest humming
bird to largest ostrich.
There are 2 pairs of limbs. The forelimbs are
modified into wings.
The body is covered by a n exoskeleton of
feathers.
Mouth is surrounded by beak and there are no
teeth. Respiration takes place by lungs.
Heart is 4 chambered.
Examples : columbo (pigeon), struthio (ostrich),
kite, pea fowl, etc.
35. Mammals are terrestrial. The body is divisible
into head, neck, trunk and tail.
The body is covered by exoskeleton of hair.
Respiration occurs by lungs.
Heart is 4 chambered. Mammals are mostly
viviparous (alive-bearing) but some are oviparous
and lay eggs like - platypus and echidna.
Examples: kangaroo, bat, rattus (rat),
oryctolagus (rabbit), felis (cat), etc.
