This document provides anatomical information about the stomach, pituitary gland, and breast. The stomach has four main divisions - the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. It is supplied by branches of the celiac artery and drains into the hepatic portal vein. The pituitary gland, also called the "master gland", regulates other endocrine glands. It has an anterior lobe that secretes hormones and a posterior lobe that stores hormones. The breast is composed of mammary glands surrounded by connective tissue. It is supplied by branches of the internal thoracic and axillary arteries and drains into axillary and internal thoracic veins.

2. ANATOMY& PHYSIOLOGY
Year : 2017
University Annual Exam
Revision Video Tutorial – Part - 2

3. PART – A (ANATOMY)
• Write Short Notes on
a. Stomach (4)
b. Pituitary Gland(4)
c. Breast (4)

4. STOMACH
• The stomach, is an intraperitoneal digestive
organ located between the oesophagus and the
duodenum.
• It has a ‘J’ shape, and features a lesser and
greater curvature. The anterior and posterior
surfaces are smoothly rounded with a
peritoneal covering.

5. ANATOMICAL POSITION
• Stomach primarily lies in the epigastric and
umbilical region.

6. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE
• Four main anatomical
divisions:
• Cardia
• Fundus
• Body
• Pylorus

7. • Cardia – Surrounds the superior opening of
the stomach at T-11 level.
• Fundus – The area above the level of the
cardiac orifice.
• Body – The large central portion inferior to
the fundus. Largest area of the stomach.
• Pylorus – The area connects the stomach for
the duodenum. It is divided into
– Pyloric antrum
– Pyloric Cannal
– Pyloric Sphincter

8. OPENINGS
• Gastroesophagel
sphincter opens to the
esophagus.
• Pyloric sphincter opens
with the duodenum.

9. SPHINCTERS
• The cardiac sphincter
closes off the top end
of the stomach.
• Pyloric sphincter
closes of the bottom.

10. CURVATURES OF THE EYE
• The greater curvature,
which is a point of
attachment for the
gastrosplenic ligament
and the greater
omentum.
• The lesser curvature,
which is a point of
attachment of for the
omentum.

11. NOTCH
• The cardial notch is
the superior angle
created when the
esophagus enters the
stomach.
• The angular notch,
which is a bend on the
lesser curvature.

12. ANATOMICAL RELATIONS
ANTERIORLY
• Right liver
• Diaphragm
• Anterior abdominal wall
POSTERIORLY
• Pancreas
• Left supra renal gland
• Left kidney
• Spleen
• Transverse colon

13. BLOOD SUPPLY
• Arterial blood supply (3 branches)
• Left Gastric Artery
• Spleenic Artery
• Common Hepatic Artery
• Venous Drainage
• The veins of the stomach runs parallel to the
arteries. Right & Left gastric veins drains into
the hepatic portal vein.

14. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
• Superior gastric lymph nodes
• Supra pyloric nodes
• Pancreaticosplenic nodes
• Subpyloric and omental nodal groups.

15. NERVE SUPPLY
• Right and Left Vagus Nerve
(Parasympathetic Supply)
• Sympathetic Supply by Splanchinic Nerve.

16. APPLIED ANATOMY
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease
• Dyspepsia
• Gastric Ulcer and Peptic Ulcer disease.
• Zollinger – Ellison Syndrome
• Gatroparesis

17. PITUITARYGLAND
• It is also called as “Master’s Gland” it controls
three other endocrine glands.
• Pituitary glands is consider as the relay center.

19. PITUITARYGLAND
• Pituitary gland is also known as “Hypophysis
Cerebri”.
• It is a small oval structure which is 1 cm in
diameter. During pregnancy its size doubles.
• Position of the Pituitary Gland
• It lies in the hypophyseal fossa of the body of
sphenoid bone, between optic chiasma (anteriorly)
and mamillary bodies (Posteriorly).

20. PITUITARYGLAND

21. • The pituitary gland is sub-divided into
1. Anterior lobe (Adenohypophysis) – true
glands secretes hormones.
2. Posterior lobe (Neurohypohyisis) –
connected to hypothalamus through
hypothalamo – hypohyseal tract, stores
hormones secreted by hypothalamic nuclei.

22. • The pituitary gland is sub-divided into
1. Anterior lobe (Adenohypophysis) – true
glands secretes hormones.
2. Posterior lobe (Neurohypohyisis) –
connected to hypothalamus through
hypothalamo – hypohyseal tract, stores
hormones secreted by hypothalamic nuclei.

23. • Between anterior & posterior lobe of pituitary
gland there is a relatively small avascular zone
called “Pars Intermedia”.
• Anterior pituitary gland consists of three
parts.
– Pars anterior – The largest part, responsible for hormone
secretion.
– Pars tuberalis – an upward extension of the pars anterior.
– Pars intermedia - a thin epithelial layer which
separates between pars anterior & pars tuberalis.

24. • There are two types of cell in anterior pituitary
gland, which have different staining properties.
• Chromophobe cells & Chromophil cells.

25. • The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
consist of nervous tissue.
• It arises from the embryonic forebrain.

26. HORMONES
Anterior Pituitary Gland
• Growth Hormone
• Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone
• Adrenocorticotrophic
Hormone
• Follicle Stimulating
Hormone
• Lutenizing Hormone
The last 2 hormones are
called as gonadotropins.
Posterior Pituitary Gland
• Oxytocin
• Anti Diuretic Hormone

27. BLOOD SUPPLY
• Anterior Pituitary – Superior Hypophyseal
Artery & Inferior Hypophyseal artery which is a
branch of internal carotid artery.
• Venous Drainage - Short veins from the
pituitary gland drain into abutting dural venous
sinuses

28. APPLIED ANATOMY
• Upward growth of pituitary tumors may apply
pressure on the optic chiasma.
• Visual field defects like Hemianopia,
Quadrantopia.
• Pituitary tumors grown into the third ventricle
causes hydrocephalus.

29. BREAST
• Breast are present bilaterally in Pectoraal
region.
• They are modified sweat glands.
• In male and immature female breast are
rudimentary.
• After puberty female breast are fully
developed.

31. BREAST
• Location of breast on the anterior thoracic
wall.
• Extends horizontally from the lateral border of
the sternum to the mid – axillary line.
• Vertically it spans between 2nd and 6th
intercostal cartilages.
• It lies superficially to the Pectoralis Major and
Serratus Anterior muscles.

32. BREAST
• Breast has two regions
• Circular body – it is the largest and the most prominent
part of the breast.
• Axillary tail – smaller part.
• At the centre of the breast is Nipple.
• Surrounded by the nipple is a pigmented area of a skin
termed the areola.
• There are numerous sebaceous glands within the
areolae. these enlarge during pregnancy, secreting an
oily substance that acts as a protective lubricant for the
nipple.

33. ANATOMICALSTRUCTURE
OF
BREAST
• Breast is composed of mammary glands,
surrounded by a connective tissue stroma.
Mammary Glands
• They are modified sweat glands.
• They consist of a series of ducts and secretory
lobules (15-20).
• Each lobule consists of many alveoli drained by a
single lactiferous duct.
• These ducts converge at the nipple like spokes of
a wheel.

34. ANATOMICALSTRUCTURE
OF
BREAST
Connective Tissue Stroma
The connective tissue stroma is a supporting
structure which surrounds the mammary glands.
It has a fibrous and a fatty component.
The fibrous stroma condenses to form
suspensory ligaments (of Cooper).

35. ANATOMICALSTRUCTURE
OF
BREAST
Pectoral Fascia - The base of the breast lies on
the pectoral fascia – a flat sheet of connective
tissue associated with the pectoralis major muscle.
Blood Supply of the breast
Arterial Supply
1. Internal thoracic artery.
2. Branches of the axillary artery
3. Branches of the anterior intercostal artery

36. ANATOMICALSTRUCTURE
OF
BREAST
Venous Drainage
Axillary and internal thoracic veins.
Lymphatic Drainage
There are three groups of lymph nodes that
receive lymph from breast tissue.
1. The axillary nodes (75%)
2. Parasternal nodes (20%) and
3. Posterior intercostal nodes (5%).

37. ANATOMICALSTRUCTURE
OF
BREAST
Nerve Supply
The breast is innervated by
the anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of
the 4th to 6th intercostal nerves.

38. END OF PART - 1