1. Costa Rica: Official Development
Assistance (ODA) and Middle
Income Countries, comprehensive
elements.
High Level Conference of Middle-Income Countries
1st Consultative Meeting
Working Group on Overall Concepts Definition
05-06 February 2013, Vienna International Center .
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2. Structure
• I Classification criteria for recipients of
official development assistance.
• II Costa Rica: Evolution of official
development assistance
• III Costa Rica and South – South /
Triangular Cooperation
• IV Conclusions
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3. I
Classification criteria for
recipients official
development assistance.
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4. Classification criteria for the
assignment of ODA
• Development Assitance Comittee (DAC)-OCDE, by income
level
• World Bank, by income level
• UNDP- countries stratified by level of human development
(HDI)
• The World Bank has used an alternative criteria for the
classification of middle income countries, related to their
access to official financing provided (loans)
• Fragile and post conflict countries (states in a deteriorating
situation, with slowed development, post-conflict transition
and early recovery) and that do not respond well to
traditional assistance strategies.
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5. II
Costa Rica: Evolution of
official development
assistance
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6. COUNTRIES PARTICIPATION IN TOTAL FLOWS OF OFFICIAL
DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE’S, ACCORDING TO INCOME CATEGORY,
1990-2010
(IN PERCENTAGES).
In 2010 middle income and
in development countries
received over 65% of total
flows of ODA
Source: Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), sobre la base de información de la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE).
International Cooperation Unit

7. Latin America and the Caribbean is predominantly a
middle income region; 85% of its countries fall in this
category.
PERCENTAGE OF THE REGION’S COUNSTRIES THAT ARE CLASSIFIED AS MIDDLE INCOME
COUNTRIES
Only 5 of the region’s 35
countries are not classified
as middle income countries:
1 is classified as low
income, and 4 are classified
as high income.
Source: Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), sobre la base de la última clasificación disponible del Banco Mundial.
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8. Loss of participation in ODA flows
REGIONS PARTICIPATION IN ODA ODA FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE
CARIBBEAN.
In the sixties, the region received The region’s ODA went from
a 14% of the total of ODA representing over 1% of the decade’s
destined to developing countries, INB in the sixties to a 0,22% nowadays
nowadays it’s about 8%.
Source: Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), sobre la base de información de la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE).
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9. COSTA RICA: NON REFUNDABLE COOPERATION’S
TENDENCY,
1990-2011.
350 The trend of non
refundable
300 287,6 cooperation,
technical and
250,0
250 grant aid, has
mantained itself in
200
179,0 179,8 a constant
153,9 144,2 decrease since
150
1990.
100 91,8 83,1
73,1 81,5 78,2 72,2
62,3 88,3 101,4
51,3 81,6
50
53,2 46,3 55,6
43,3
8,6
0
1990 199 1 199 2 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 19 99 20 0 0 2 00 1 20 02 2 003 2004 2005 2006 2 00 7 200 8 200 9 2 010 20 11
Source: Área de Cooperación Internacional-MIDEPLAN. 2012.
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10. Origin and distribution of international cooperation in Costa Rica,
2006-2011
18%
82%
20,5
Cooperación Técnica y Financiera no Reembolsable
Cooperación Financiera Reembolsable
79,5
Bilateral Multilateral
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11. CR: distribution by sectors and/or development areas
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12. CR: Main inputs for technical cooperation and
grant aid, 2006-2011.
1. The Popular Republic of China was Costa Rica’s main
donor with US$140,0 million,
2. Spain (inluiding Andalusia) US$83,4 million,
3. UNDP US$69,7 million
4. United States of America US$65,2 million
5. Japan US$63,7 million
6. Germany US$63,3 million
7. BID US$ 40,5 million
8. European Union US$31,1 million
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13. III
Costa Rica and South – South
/ Triangular Cooperation
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14. Costa Rica’s Técnica Cooperation Offer

15. Triangulation Program
Costa Rica - Spanish Agency for International Cooperation
for Development (AECID)

16. Triangulation Fund Costa Rica-Germany

17. IV
Conclusiones:
Preliminary considerations
Strengths
Opportunities
Weaknesses
Threats
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18. The gaze focused on per capita income
does not include the broad and
multifacetic nature of the development
process
• No income level can be assimilated with level
of development
• Middle income countries are a very
heterogeneous group in terms of poverty,
social inclusion and productive, institutional
and financial capacity.
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19. It is necessary to review the logic
governing the international
cooperation agenda:
•A new approach that allows refine the look
of development
•An approach based on a new consensus
•Without excluding anyone from the
development
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20. In collaboration with other international
and regional organizations, should
develop a broader set of indicators
that reflect the reality of each country
and to detect their main needs, so that
the average income cireteria ceases
to be an impediment to a priori
participate in official development
assistance (ODA).
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21. To achieve development is necessary to
overcome more than one gap…
There are structural Structural gaps reflect
development gaps that must be obstacles to development and
taken into account in addition long-term structural
to the concept of vulnerability challenges that still exist in
and income per capita. the countries of the region.
Per capita income Education
inequality Health
poverty taxation
Investment and saving Gender, and
Productivity and environment
Innovation
infrastructure Respect for democracy,
human rights, and fighting
corrpution
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22. EXPANDING POLITICAL DIALOGUE
IN THREE
• Global level
– Defining the framework of inclusive development agenda
– Enlarge multilateral dialogue in the field of development
finance: funding sources and allocation criteria
• Regional level:
– Deepening regional integration
– Increased participation of the region in global governance
• National level:
– Prioritization of gaps
– Inclusive dialogue with civil society actors and the private
sector
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23. MICS and ODA: Strengths, weaknesses,
obstacles and threats
Strenghts: • Weight in the world economy,
and in key areas such as
• More than half of the global public goods. Potential
countries in the world belong to benefit the rest of the
to the middle-income countries and underpin the
category, and this group is work aimed at achieving
home to more than 70% of global peace and stability.
the world population.
• The creation and transmission
• They are in all regions of the of knowledge and the
world and especially in LAC. development cooperation
• Overall country, especially the aimed at middle-income
upper middle income, who countries can lead to
have a solid institutional base significant positive
rule of law and long-standing, externalities.
essential to the effectiveness
of the ODA.
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24. The MICS, but particularly HMICs, are those with the best
foundation to implement the principles of "efficiency and
quality of aid" Statements approved by Rome, Marrakech
and Paris.
o They favor the identification and deepening of common interests
between MICs;
oThey open areas of collaboration with high-income countries
oThey stimulate the growing expectations of the CI of PRBs.
oIn political terms, they can be key pieces when their commitments
associated with the SSC with the need for their participation and
influence in global politics of development cooperation.
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25. • Weaknesses, threats and • Both middle-income countries
obstacles: such as the high-income levels in
• By 2008 the number of poor totaled Latin America can be found at
957 million, of which 72% lived in both ends of the spectrum of
middle-income countries. inequality.
• Countries with higher incomes may • For example, in the case of Costa
have significant pockets of poverty Rica upper middle income country
more than those of lower income. with a GDP per capita of USD USD
8,876,6 (2011), with a life
• In fact, considering the total expectancy at birth of 79.3 years,
number of poor, almost 50% of the with a 69 in the HDI (2011), has
183.5 million poor in Latin America a Gini index of 5.7.
live in just two countries: Brazil
(26%) and Mexico (23%), both • Some of these countries also have
classified as income medium-high. a tax burden insufficient to meet
the demand development
investments, CR has a tax burden
of 13.3% to 2011.
• CR: extreme poverty, 6.4%,
15.2% non-extreme poverty
• Insufficient investment in R & D
Países vulnerables: and human capital
•Ante fenómenos antrópicos
(desastres naturales, crísis
financieras, etc.)
•Por creciente desigualdad
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26. Cumplimiento cantonal del Objetivo 7:
Garantizar la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente
En el 42% de los cantones se Escala de cumplimiento
espera que se alcance la meta 0%-59%
60%-79%
para el 2015, abrigando el 80%-100%
49,6% de la población del
país considerados:
Temas considerados:
Temas
•Población que utiliza fuentes de
•Población que utiliza fuentes de
abastecimiento de agua potable
abastecimiento de agua potable
mejoradas
mejoradas
•Población que utiliza servicios de
•Población que utiliza servicios de
saneamiento mejorados
saneamiento mejorados
•Población urbana que vive en
•Población urbana que vive en
barrios de tugurios
barrios de tugurios
•Viviendas en mal estado, regular,
•Viviendas en mal estado, regular,
con hacinamiento
con hacinamiento
•Población en vivienda propia
•Población en vivienda propia

27. Dual role of HMICs
Harmonize
The chances of being a "rising economy, or pop, or in
progress" that enables him to direct their cooperation
to other
Receivers of cooperation in terms of certain
weaknesses in the institutional processes and
incomplete socioeconomic and social cohesion issues.
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28. www.mideplan.go.cr
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