2. 2 Structure
Hydrocarbon: a compound composed only of
carbon and hydrogen
Saturated hydrocarbon: a hydrocarbon
containing only single bonds
Alkane: a saturated hydrocarbon whose
carbons are arranged in a open chain
Aliphatic hydrocarbon: another name for an
alkane
2-2
3. 2 Structure
Shape
• tetrahedral about carbon
• all bond angles are approximately
109.5°
2-3
4. 2 Nomenclature
Alkanes have the general formula C nH 2n+2
Molecular Condensed
Name Formula Structural Formula
methane CH 4 CH 4
ethane C2 H6 CH 3 CH 3
propane C3 H8 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3
butane C 4 H 10 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 CH 3
pentane C 5 H 12 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 CH 3
hexane C 6 H 14 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 CH 3
heptane C 7 H 16 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 5 CH 3
2-4
6. 2 Constitutional Isomerism
Constitutional isomers: compounds with the
same molecular formula but a different
connectivity (order of attachment of their
atoms)
• example: C 4 H 10
CH 3
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH3 CHCH3
Butane 2-Methylpropane
2-6
7. 2 Prob 1
Which sets represent pairs of constitutional
isomers? O O
(a) CH3 CH2 OH and CH 3 OCH 3 (b) CH3 CCH3 and CH3 CH2 CH
O O OH O
(c) CH 3 COCH 3 and CH 3 CH2 COH (d) CH3 CHCH2 CH3 and CH3 CCH2 CH 3
(e) and CH 3 CH 2 CH2 CH2 CH3 (f) and CH2 = CHCH2 CH2 CH3
2-7
10. 2 Nomenclature - IUPAC
Parent name: the longest carbon chain
Substituent: a group attached to the parent
chain
• alkyl group: a substituent derived by removal of a
hydrogen from an alkane; group Name symbol R-
Alkane Name Alkyl
given the
CH 4 Methane CH3 - Methyl group
CH 3 CH 3 Ethane CH3 CH 2 - Ethyl group
2-10
11. 2 Nomenclature
1.The name of a saturated hydrocarbon with an
unbranched chain consists of a prefix and suffix
2. For branched alkanes, the parent chain is the
longest chain of carbon atoms
3. Each substituent is given a name and a number
CH 3
2
CH3 CHCH 3 1 3
2-Methylpropane
4. If there is one substituent, number the chain
from the end that gives it the lower number
CH3
4 3 2
CH3 CH2 CH 2 CHCH3 5 1
2-Methylpentane
2-11
12. 2 Nomenclature
6. If there are two or more different substituents,
• list them in alphabetical order
• number from the end of the chain that gives the
substituent encountered first the lower number
CH3 2 4 6
3 5 7
CH3 CH2 CHCH2 CHCH2 CH3 1
CH2 CH3
3-Ethyl-5-methylheptane
2-12
13. 2 Nomenclature
7. The prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. are not
included in alphabetization
CH3 CH2 CH3
CH3 CCH2 CH CH2 CH3 4 6
1 2 3 5
CH3
4-Ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane
8. Substituents are named by the same set
of rules.
2-13
15. 2 Classification of C & H
Primary (1° ) C: a carbon bonded to one
other carbon
• 1° H: a hydrogen bonded to a 1° carbon
Secondary (2° ) C: a carbon bonded to two
other carbons
• 2° H: a hydrogen bonded to a 2° carbon
Tertiary (3° ) C: a carbon bonded to three
other carbons
• 3° H: a hydrogen bonded to a 3° carbon
Quaternary (4° ) C: a carbon bonded to four
C
other carbons
2-15
16. 2 Physical Properties
Intermolecular forces of attraction
• ion-ion (Na + and Cl - in NaCl)
• ion-dipole (Na + and Cl - solvated in aqueous
solution)
• dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding
• dispersion forces (very weak electrostatic
attraction between temporary dipoles)
2-16
17. 2 Physical Properties
Low-molecular-weight alkanes
(methane....butane) are gases at room
temperature
Higher molecular-weight alkanes (pentane,
decane, gasoline, kerosene) are liquids at
room temperature
High-molecular-weight alkanes (paraffin wax)
are semisolids or solids at room temperature
2-17
18. 2 Physical Properties
Constitutional isomers have different
physical properties
mp bp Density
Name (°C) (°C) (g/mL)
hexane -95 68.7 0.659
2-methylpentane -154 60.3 0.653
3-methylpentane -118 63.3 0.664
2,3-dimethylbutane -129 58.0 0.661
2,2-dimethylbutane -98 49.7 0.649
2-18
19. 2 Oxidation of Alkanes
Oxidation is the basis for their use as energy
sources for heat and power
• heat of combustion: heat released when one mole
of a substance in its standard state is oxidized to
carbon dioxide and water ∆H°
kJ (kcal)/mol
CH4 + 2 O 2 CO 2 + 2 H2 O -890 (-212)
Methane
CH3 CH2 CH3 + 5 O 2 3 CO 2 + 4 H 2 O -2220 (-530)
Propane
2-19
20. 2 Sources of Alkanes
Natural gas
• 90-95% methane
Petroleum
• gases (bp below 20° C)
• naphthas, including gasoline (bp 20 - 200° C)
• kerosene (bp 175 - 275° C)
• fuel oil (bp 250 - 400° C)
• lubricating oils (bp above 350° C)
• asphalt (residue after distillation)
Coal
2-20
21. 2 Gasoline
Octane rating: the percent 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
(isooctane) in a mixture of isooctane and heptane
that has equivalent antiknock properties
CH3 CH3
CH3 ( CH2 ) 5 CH 3 CH3 CCH2 CH CH3
CH3
Heptane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
(octane rating 0) (octane rating 100)
2-21
22. 2 Synthesis Gas
A mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen
in varying proportions which depend on the
means by which it is produced
C + H2 O heat CO + H2
Coal
1 catalyst
CH4 + O2 CO + 2 H2
2
Methane
2-22
23. 2 Synthesis Gas
Synthesis gas is a feedstock for the
industrial production of methanol and acetic
acid catalyst
CO + 2 H2 CH 3 OH
Methanol
O
catalyst
CH3 OH + CO CH 3 COH
Methanol Acetic acid
• it is likely that industrial routes to other organic
chemicals from coal via methanol will also be
developed
2-23
