Electronics and electrics are becoming ubiquitous, the devices appearing on and in higher and higher volume products including e-labels and e-packaging. This calls for different forms of battery, capacitor and other energy storage because priorities such as environmental credentials, thinness and compatibility with energy harvesting (eg solar cells) come to the fore alongside life and cost. This unique new report is directed towards those developing, marketing and using the new small electronic and electrical devices, particularly those that are self-sufficient. It will also interest those investing in new battery, capacitor and allied companies providing products for these markets and those regulating and supporting these burgeoning industries. To this end, the report is almost devoid of equations but it is replete with summary diagrams and tables, pros and cons, company profiles, new products and applications beyond the familiar ones. There is therefore much to interest those with a technical background as well. The report looks hard at what comes next, particularly over the next ten years.

1. Batteries, Supercapacitors, Alternative Storage for Portable Devices 2009-2019
New technologies call for different forms of battery
Electronics and electrics are becoming ubiquitous, the devices appearing on and in higher and higher volume
products including e-labels and e-packaging. This calls for different forms of battery, capacitor and other
energy storage because priorities such as environmental credentials, thinness and compatibility with energy
harvesting (eg solar cells) come to the fore alongside life and cost.
This unique new report is directed towards those developing, marketing and using the new small electronic
and electrical devices, particularly those that are self-sufficient. It will also interest those investing in new
battery, capacitor and allied companies providing products for these markets and those regulating and
supporting these burgeoning industries. To this end, the report is almost devoid of equations but it is replete
with summary diagrams and tables, pros and cons, company profiles, new products and applications beyond
the familiar ones. There is therefore much to interest those with a technical background as well. The report
looks hard at what comes next, particularly over the next ten years.
Designed for a broad range of readers
We use relatively simple language so the report can be useful to as broad a range of readers as possible,
enhanced by a glossary. After all, investors, government regulators, journalists and many other people have a
great interest in the imminent huge deployment of small self-powered electronic and electrical devices. It will
eventually reach hundreds of billions of products yearly, including electronically enhanced drug packs,
magazines, disposable medical testers and much more besides.
For the more technical, there are many new summary tables and diagrams comparing parameters required and
achieved. The parameters, including costs, and the applications are compared and the work of many suppliers
is evaluated. No other report on this subject is as broad ranging or up to date. The main emphasis is on what
will needed and possible, not on rehearsing the story of traditional cylindrical, laptop and mobile phone
batteries. Here we see the future.
Largest mobile energy storage market today
Energy storage for small devices, the subject of this report, forms by far the largest mobile energy storage
market today, being much larger and faster growing than the market for heavy energy storage such as
automotive and enjoying greater innovation for the future, including transparent and printed batteries. The
report mainly concentrates on batteries and capacitors - including the rapid adoption of supercapacitors and
hybrids of the two. It explains how they are constructed, how they work and the pros and cons. However, it
also touches on the elusive small fuel cells and other options.
Focussing on use in small devices, we forecast the market for both single use and rechargeable batteries by
numbers and value from 2009-2019 and the market size for supercapacitors, tracking a return to rapid growth
from 2010, after the global financial meltdown ends. The market drivers are given as they change over the
years. We evaluate the limitations of current devices against what will be needed and what can be done. For
example, as the traditional parameters of batteries and capacitors are painfully and slowly improved, some
completely different improvements are proving exciting because they can open up completely new markets.
Batteries, Supercapacitors, Alternative Storage for Portable Devices 2009-2019

2. These include transparent, edible, stretchable, woven, stitchable, implantable, biodegradable and wide area
versions more suited to the world of ubiquitous electronics that is arriving. As wall decoration, windows,
apparel, books, posters, consumer goods, pharmaceutical packaging , the sensing skin of an aircraft and the
inside of a car and much more become electronic and local harvesting of power becomes commonplace, these
are the products we need.
We describe the remarkable new approaches including batteries assembled using viruses and carbon
nanotubes, biomimetic and magnetic spin batteries and ones that can harvest energy in the human body. Then
there are batteries and supercapabatteries only one tenth of a millimeter thick. Which are the most exciting
developers and what will be available when? It is all here.
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table Of Contents
Executive Summary And Conclusions
1. Introduction
1.1. Small Electrical And Electronic Devices
1.2. What Is A Battery?
1.2.1. Battery Definition
1.2.2. Battery History
1.2.3. Analogy To A Container Of Liquid
1.2.4. Construction Of A Battery
1.2.5. Many Shapes Of Battery
1.2.6. Single Use Vs Rechargeable Batteries
1.2.7. Challenges With Batteries In Small Devices
1.3. What Is A Capacitor?
1.3.1. Capacitor Definition
1.3.2. Capacitor History
1.3.3. Analogy To A Spring
1.3.4. Capacitor Construction
1.4. Limitations Of Energy Storage Devices
1.4.1. The Electronic Device And Its Immediate Support
1.4.2. Safety
1.4.3. Improvement In Performance Taking Place
1.5. Standards
Batteries, Supercapacitors, Alternative Storage for Portable Devices 2009-2019

3. 2. Rechargeable Batteries
2.1. Technology Successes And Failures
2.2. Lithium Polymer Vs Lithium Ion
2.3. New Shapes - Laminar And Flexible Batteries
2.3.1. Laminar Lithium Batteries
2.3.2. Ultrathin Battery From Front Edge Technology
2.4. Transparent Battery - Nec And Waseda University
2.5. New Methods Of Charging
2.6. Technology Challenges
2.7. Threat To Lithium Prices?
2.8. New Applications For New Laminar Rechargeable Batteries
3. Single Use Batteries
3.1. Tadiran Batteries Twenty Year Batteries
3.2. Laminar Printed Manganese Dioxide Batteries
3.2.1. Printed Battery Construction
3.2.2. Printed Battery Production Facilities
3.2.3. Applications Of Printed Batteries
3.2.4. Printed Battery Specifications
3.3. Other Emerging Needs For Laminar Batteries - Apparel And Medical
3.3.1. Electronic Apparel
3.3.2. Wireless Body Area Network
3.4. Nanotube Flexible Battery
3.5. Biobatteries Do Their Own Harvesting
3.6. Microbatteries Built With Viruses
3.7. Biomimetic Energy Storage System
3.8. Magnetic Spin Battery
4. Capacitors And Supercapacitors
4.2. Example Of Capacitor Storage Application - E-labels
4.3. Many Shapes Of Capacitor
4.4. Capacitors For Small Devices
4.5. Technology Of Capacitors
4.5.1. Technology Of Non-polar Capacitors
4.5.2. Technology Of The Electrolytic Capacitor
4.5.3. Development Path
4.6. Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
4.6.2. High Capacitance But At A Price
4.6.3. Non-polar Electrolytic
4.6.4. Safety Issues
4.6.5. Polarity
Batteries, Supercapacitors, Alternative Storage for Portable Devices 2009-2019

4. 4.6.6. The Dielectric Is Fragile
4.6.7. Electrolyte
4.7. Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitors
5. Supercapacitors = Ultracapacitors
5.1. Where Supercapacitors Fit In
5.2. Advantages And Disadvantages
5.3. How It All Began
5.4. Applications
5.5. Uses In Small Devices.
5.6. Relevance To Energy Harvesting
5.6.1. Perpetuum Harvester
5.6.2. Human Power To Recharge Portable Electronics
5.6.3. Use In Nanoelectronics
5.7. Can Supercapacitors Replace Capacitors?
5.8. Can Supercapacitors Replace Batteries?
5.9. Electric Vehicle Demonstrations And Adoption
5.10. How An Eldc Supercapacitor Works
5.10.1. Basic Geometry
5.10.2. Properties Of Edl
5.10.3. Charging
5.10.4. Discharging And Cycling
5.10.5. Energy Density
5.10.6. Achieving Higher Voltages
5.11. Improvements Coming Along
5.11.1. Better Electrodes
5.11.2. Better Electrolytes
5.11.3. Better Carbon Technologies
5.11.4. Carbon Nanotubes
5.11.5. Carbon Aerogel
5.11.6. Solid Activated Carbon
5.11.7. Carbon Derived Carbon
5.11.8. Graphene
5.11.9. Polyacenes Or Polypyrrole
5.12. Supercapacitor Performance Without Edl - Eestor
5.13. Supercabatteries Or Bacitors
6. Fuel Cells And Other Alternatives
6.1. Fuel Cells
6.2. New Forms Of Miniature Fuel Cells
6.2.1. Microbial Fuel Cells
Batteries, Supercapacitors, Alternative Storage for Portable Devices 2009-2019

5. 6.2.2. Lightweight Hydrogen Generating Fuel Cell
6.2.3. Biomimetic Approach With Mit Fuel Cell
6.3. Mechanical Storage
7. Organisation Profiles
7.1. Blue Spark Technologies Usa
7.2. Cap-xx Australia
7.3. Celxpert Energy Corp. Taiwan Head Quarter
7.4. Cymbet Usa
7.5. Duracell Usa
7.6. Enfucell Finland
7.7. Excellatron Usa
7.8. Freeplay Foundation Uk
7.9. Front Edge Technology Usa
7.10. Frontier Carbon Corporation Japan
7.11. Harvard University Usa
7.12. Hitachi Maxell
7.13. Holst Centre Netherlands
7.14. Infinite Power Solutions Usa
7.15. Institute Of Bioengineering And Nanotechnology Singapore
7.16. Lebn Solutions South Africa
7.17. Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Usa
7.18. Matsushita Battery Industrial Company Ltd.
7.19. Maxwell Technologies Inc., Usa
7.20. Nanotecture, Uk
7.21. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Usa
7.22. Nec Japan
7.23. Nippon Chemi-con Japan
7.24. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Usa
7.25. Planar Energy Devices Usa
7.26. Power Paper Israel
7.27. Prelonic Technologies
7.28. Renata Batteries
7.29. Revolt Technologies Ltd
7.30. Sandia National Laboratory Usa
7.31. Solicore Usa
7.32. Tadiran Batteries
7.33. Technical University Of Berlin Germany
7.34. Sony Japan
7.35. University Of California Los Angeles Usa
7.36. University Of Michigan Usa
7.37. University Of Sheffield Uk
Batteries, Supercapacitors, Alternative Storage for Portable Devices 2009-2019

6. 7.38. University Of Wollongong Australia
7.39. Waseda University
8. Markets And Forecasts
8.1. Market For Batteries, Supercapacitors, Other
8.2. Total Global Battery Market
8.3. Global Battery Market By Use
8.3.1. Batteries For Rfid
8.3.2. Batteries For Gift Cards
8.3.3. Batteries For Car Keys
8.3.4. Printed And Thin Film Batteries 2009-2019
9. Glossary
appendix 1: Idtechex Publications And Consultancy
appendix 2 Introduction To Printed Electronics
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Batteries, Supercapacitors, Alternative Storage for Portable Devices 2009-2019