1. An Overview of Artificial
Intelligence
Principles of virtual reality
Subject Code: PVR912
Week : 4 Date : 5th
June 2013 session:FN
Midhunchakkaravarthy
Lecturer- Lincoln University College
2. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial intelligence (AI): ability of computers to
mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain
• AI-based computer systems have many
applications in different fields, such as:
– Medical diagnoses
– Exploration for natural resources
– Determining what is wrong with mechanical devices
– Assisting in designing and developing other
computer systems
3. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence in Perspective
• Artificial intelligence systems: people,
procedures, hardware, software, data, and
knowledge needed to develop computer systems
and machines that demonstrate the characteristics
of intelligence
4. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
The Nature of Intelligence
• Learn from experience and apply knowledge
acquired from experience
– Example: computerized AI chess software
• Handle complex situations
• Solve problems when important information is
missing
• Determine what is important
• React quickly and correctly to a new situation
5. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
The Nature of Intelligence (continued)
• Understand visual images
– Perceptive system: approximates the way humans
hear, see, or feel objects
• Process and manipulate symbols
– On a limited basis with machine-vision hardware and
software
6. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
The Difference Between Natural and
Artificial Intelligence
Table 7.2: A Comparison of Natural and Artificial Intelligence
7. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
The Major Branches of Artificial
Intelligence
Figure 7.5: A Conceptual Model of Artificial Intelligence
8. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Expert Systems
• Hardware and software that stores knowledge and
makes inferences, similar to a human expert
• Used in many business applications
9. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Robotics
• Mechanical or computer devices that perform tasks
requiring a high degree of precision or that are
tedious or hazardous for humans
• Contemporary robotics combines high-precision
machine capabilities with sophisticated controlling
software
• Many applications of robotics exist today
• Research into robots is continuing
10. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Robotics (continued)
Robots can be used in situations that are hazardous or inaccessible to
humans. The Rover was a remote-controlled robot used by NASA to
explore the surface of Mars.
11. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Vision Systems
• Hardware and software that permit computers to
capture, store, and manipulate visual images and
pictures
• Used by the U.S. Justice Department to perform
fingerprint analysis
• Can be used in identifying people based on facial
features
• Can be used with robots to give these machines
“sight”
12. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Natural Language Processing and
Voice Recognition
• Natural language processing: allows the
computer to understand and react to statements
and commands made in a “natural” language, such
as English
• Voice recognition involves converting sound waves
into words
13. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Natural Language Processing and
Voice Recognition (continued)
Dragon Systems’ Naturally Speaking 8 Essentials uses continuous voice
recognition, or natural speech, allowing the user to speak to the computer at a
normal pace without pausing between words. The spoken words are transcribed
immediately onto the computer screen. (Source: Courtesy of Nuance
Communications, Inc.)
14. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Learning Systems
• Combination of software and hardware that allows
the computer to change how it functions or reacts
to situations based on feedback it receives
• Learning systems software requires feedback on
the results of actions or decisions
• Feedback is used to alter what the system will do in
the future
15. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Neural Networks
• Computer system that can simulate the functioning
of a human brain
• Ability to retrieve information even if some of the
neural nodes fail
• Fast modification of stored data as a result of new
information
• Ability to discover relationships and trends in large
databases
• Ability to solve complex problems for which all the
information is not present
16. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Other Artificial Intelligence
Applications
• Genetic algorithm: an approach to solving large,
complex problems in which a number of related
operations or models change and evolve until the
best one emerges
• Intelligent agent: programs and a knowledge base
used to perform a specific task for a person, a
process, or another program
17. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
An Overview of Expert Systems
• Like human experts, computerized expert systems
use heuristics, or rules of thumb, to arrive at
conclusions or make suggestions
• Used in many fields for a variety of tasks, such as:
– Designing new products and systems
– Developing innovative insurance products
– Increasing the quality of healthcare
– Determining credit limits for credit cards
– Determining the best fertilizer mix to use on certain
soils
18. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
An Overview of Expert Systems
(continued)
• Research conducted in AI during the past two
decades is resulting in expert systems that:
– Explore new business possibilities
– Increase overall profitability
– Reduce costs
– Provide superior service to customers and clients
19. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
When to Use Expert Systems
• Develop an expert system if it can do any of the
following:
– Provide a high potential payoff or significantly reduce
downside risk
– Capture and preserve irreplaceable human expertise
– Solve a problem that is not easily solved using
traditional programming techniques
– Develop a system more consistent than human
experts
20. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
When to Use Expert Systems
(continued)
• Develop an expert system if it can do any of the
following (continued):
– Provide expertise needed at a number of locations at
the same time or in a hostile environment that is
dangerous to human health
– Provide expertise that is expensive or rare
– Develop a solution faster than human experts can
– Provide expertise needed for training and
development to share the wisdom and experience of
human experts with a large number of people
21. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Components of Expert Systems
Figure 7.8: Components of an Expert System
22. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Components of Expert Systems
(continued)
• Knowledge base: component of an expert system
that stores all relevant information, data, rules,
cases, and relationships used by the expert system
• Some tools and techniques for creating a
knowledge base are:
– Assembling human experts
– Using fuzzy logic: shades of gray; “fuzzy sets”
– Using rules: IF-THEN statements
– Using cases: modifying solutions to cases in
knowledge base
23. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Components of Expert Systems
(continued)
Figure 7.10: Rules for a Credit Application
24. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
The Inference Engine
• Seeks information and relationships from the
knowledge base and provides answers,
predictions, and suggestions the way a human
expert would
• Backward chaining
– Starting with conclusions and working backward to
supporting facts
• Forward chaining
– Starting with facts and working forward to solutions
25. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
The Explanation Facility
• Allows a user or decision maker to understand how
the expert system arrived at certain conclusions or
results
• Example: allow a doctor to determine the logic or
rationale of the diagnosis made by a medical
expert system
26. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
The Knowledge Acquisition Facility
• Provides convenient and efficient means of
capturing and storing all the components of the
knowledge base
• Acts as an interface between experts and the
knowledge base
• Acquisition can be manual or a mixture of manual
and automated
• Knowledge base must be validated and updated
frequently
27. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
The Knowledge Acquisition Facility
(continued)
Figure 7.11: Knowledge Acquisition Facility
28. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
The User Interface
• Specialized user interface software is employed for
designing, creating, updating, and using expert
systems
• Main purpose of the user interface is to make the
development and use of an expert system easier
for users and decision makers
29. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Expert Systems Development
Figure 7.12: Steps in the Expert System Development Process
30. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Participants in Developing and Using
Expert Systems
• Domain expert: individual or group who has the
expertise or knowledge one is trying to capture in
the expert system
• Knowledge engineer: individual who has training
or experience in the design, development,
implementation, and maintenance of an expert
system
• Knowledge user: individual or group who uses
and benefits from the expert system
31. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Participants in Developing and Using
Expert Systems (continued)
Figure 7.13: Participants in Expert Systems Development and Use
32. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Expert Systems Development Tools
and Techniques
• Traditional programming languages
• Special programming languages
– LISP, PROLOG
• Expert system shells
– Expert system shell is a collection of software
packages and tools used to design, develop,
implement, and maintain expert systems
• Off-the-shelf expert system shells
33. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Expert Systems Development Tools
and Techniques (continued)
Figure 7.14: Expert Systems Development
34. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Applications of Expert Systems and
Artificial Intelligence
• Credit granting and loan analysis
• Stock picking
• Catching cheats and terrorists
– Gambling casinos
• Budgeting
– Prototype testing programs
• Games
– Crossword puzzles
35. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Applications of Expert System and
Artificial Intelligence (continued)
• Information management and retrieval
– Uses bots
• AI and expert systems embedded in products
– Antilock braking system, television
• Plant layout and manufacturing
• Hospitals and medical facilities
– Probability of contracting diseases, lab analysis,
home diagnosis, appointment scheduling
• Help desks and assistance
36. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Applications of Expert System and
Artificial Intelligence (continued)
• Employee performance evaluation
• Virus detection
– Uses neural network technology
• Repair and maintenance
– Telephone networks, aerospace equipment
• Shipping and marketing
• Warehouse optimization
– Restocking, location
37. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Virtual Reality
• Virtual reality system: enables one or more users
to move and react in a computer-simulated
environment
• Immersive virtual reality: user becomes fully
immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world
that is completely generated by a computer
38. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Interface Devices
• Head-mounted display (HMD)
– Screens directed at each eye; position tracker
• CAVE
– Provides illusion of immersion through projection of
stereo images on floors and walls
• Haptic interface
– Relays sense of touch and other physical sensations
39. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Interface Devices (continued)
Military personnel train in an immersive CAVE system