Visual Testing: It's Not What You Look At, It's What You See
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My testing presentation on visual testing - more on the things that we miss when we pay too close attention or fall prey to "inattentional blindness". Discussion on how the brain plays tricks on testers.
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Visual Testing: It's Not What You Look At, It's What You See
- 2. About Me - @mikelyles QA Director with over 24+ years in IT: • Development • Project Management Office • Development Manager • Testing • Functional Testing • Test Environments • Software Configuration Management • Test Data Management • Performance Testing • Test Automation • Service Virtualization • Building Testing Organizations • Defining Processes, Methodologies, Measurement 2
- 3. Recap of Session Objectives • An understanding that no matter how good we believe we are as testers, we have to realize that there is the possibility of being so familiar with a product that our eyes do not notice changes that sneak in. • Tips to recognizing patterns and potential gaps that many visual testing activities may miss. • Techniques that can be used in becoming a better visual tester. 3
- 4. It’s Not the Car, It’s the Driver! How many times have you driven somewhere only to find that you don’t remember much that happened along the way? 4
- 5. How Good AreYou? What did you see? 5
- 9. QA Director with over 24+ years in IT: • Development • Project Management Office • Development Manager • Testing • Functional Testing • Test Environments • Software Configuration Management • Test Data Management • Performance Testing • Test Automation • Service Virtualization • Building Testing Organizations • Defining Processes, Methodologies, Measurement Mike Lyles About Me - @mikelyles 9
- 10. Word(s) of the Day! 10
- 11. Vision verses the Brain • If you tell your brain it has comparisons to make, it will get busy making them, even if they don’t really exist • The brain will sacrifice facts over efficiency • Naturally wired to use mental shortcuts to save time and energy 12
- 12. Session Poll What age do you think the brain stops growing? 14
- 13. Every Brain isWired Differently • The brain is constantly evolving • What you do and learn in life physically changes what your brain looks like • Brains of school children – unevenly developed as their physical body 15
- 14. We Do Not Pay Attention to BoringThings • Avoiding boredom by multi- tasking • The brain is incapable of multi- tasking • Everyone today is trying to juggle emails, phone, tablets, social networks • Error rate goes up 50% 16
- 15. Speaking of BoringThings…. How quickly can you find out what is so unusual about this paragraph? It looks so ordinary that you would think that nothing is wrong with it at all, and, in fact, nothing is. But it is unusual. Why? If you study it and think about it, you may find out, but I am not going to assist you in any way.You must do it without coaching. No doubt, if you work at it for long, it will dawn on you. Who knows? Go to work and try your skill. Par is about half an hour. 17
- 16. Let’s Play A Card Game 18 YouTube: Colour Changing CardTrick
- 18. We Starve for Relevance We must do something relevant every 10 minutes to reset our attention 21
- 19. Stressed Brains Don’t Learn the SameWay • Brains are wired to deal with stress lasting <= 30 seconds • Whether the lion eats you or you get away – the stress lasts <= few mins • Stress of a bad boss may last years – A great deal is expected AND – No control over performing well 22
- 20. Session Poll What things stress and/or distract you? 23
- 21. The Effects of Stress CONTROL IS CRITICAL! 24
- 23. Important to Stimulate More Senses • All senses stimulate and increase learning and memory • Smell is unusually effective at provoking memory 26
- 24. VisionTrumps All Other Senses • Childrens books always have pictures • Retained memory by hearing = 10% • Add a picture = 65% 27
- 25. Vision s All Other Senses Let’sTry An Experiment I need two volunteers 28
- 26. What Did One Person See? 29
- 27. What DidThe Other Person See? 30
- 28. We Are Natural Explorers • Babies learn by exploring • The desire to explore never leaves us • Good testers will learn by experimenting like babies 31
- 29. Parking Puzzle 32 YouTube: Parking Space Example
- 30. Your BrainWill FillThe Gaps… fi yuo cna raed tihs, yuo hvae a sgtrane mnid too. i cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg.The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno’t mtaetr in waht oerdr the ltteres in a wrod are, the olny iproamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rghi t pclae.The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it whotuit a pboerlm.Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Azanmig huh? yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt! 33
- 31. The Gas Pump Dilemna Which button do you press? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? 34
- 32. The Gas Pump Dilemna There it is! 35
- 33. The Illusion of Knowledge Which way is the bus going? Left or right? 36
- 34. The Design of EverydayThings 37
- 36. Change Blindness a surprising perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it 39
- 37. Left Picture 40
- 38. Right Picture 41
- 39. The Door Experiment 44 YouTube:The Door Experiment
- 40. The Silence of the Ebay Did you notice? 45
- 41. Three Men & A Baby… and a Ghost Watch the window…. 46
- 42. Playing Card Mind Reading Pick one card and remember it… 47
- 43. Playing Card Mind Reading WasYour Card Removed? 48
- 44. We See Faces in Everything! 49
- 45. It Starts at an EarlyAge… 50
- 46. Facial Recognition with Distortion 52
- 47. Who isThis? 53
- 48. Really? 54
- 49. Flashed Face Distortion Effect 55
- 52. None of us are as good as ALL of us! Can you guess the number of gumballs? 59
- 53. Leverage theWisdom of the Crowd • Same number of people UNDER-estimate that OVER-estimate • The miscalculations cancel each other out • Use the crowd to increase accuracy and quality • Crowdtesting / Bug bashes – increases chances of finding more defects 60
- 54. Inattentional Blindness • AKA - Perpetual Blindness • Psychological lack of attention • Not associated with any vision defects or deficits • An event where individual fails to recognize an unexpected stimulus that is in plain sight Conscious perception is the abnormality 61
- 55. Inattentional Blindness • The visual world is abundant and complex. The brain’s complexity is not • Visual stimuli compete for processing resources • When important information loses out, the consequences can be lethal 62
- 56. Inattentional Blindness - Impacts A nurse pulls a vial from a medication cart. She looks at the label, fills the syringe and then injects the patient.The patient receives the wrong drug and dies. 65
- 57. Inattentional Blindness - Impacts An Eastern airlines pilot and his fellow officers see a bulb flash on the control panel.They become so concerned with the cause, that they don't notice the plane approaching the ground or hear the alarm.The crash kills over 100 people. 67
- 58. How DoWe Cure Inattentional Blindness • Avoid distractions – pay attention • Looking is not the same as seeing • Eyes open ! = seeing something 68 There is no cure….but we can…
- 59. Bistable Images Bistable: having two stable states 69
- 60. Anamorphic Art A distorted projection or perspective requiring a specific vantage point to reconstruct the image 70
- 61. Choice Blindness • Blind to choices and preferences • People often fail to notice glaring mismatches between their intention and outcomes • Prepared to offer introspectively derived reasons • Fail to notice when presented with something different than what we really wanted 71
- 62. Motion • Visual cortex designed to see motion whether it is there or not • Brain sees apparent motion as a survival technique • Orienting response – if anything going on in field of vision we see it • Peripheral vision – not as strong 72
- 63. Automation • Use automation to test things that are not as easily visible with the human eye – A/BTesting – UsabilityTesting – GUITesting • Assists in testing things that the human brain may find boring to test after a few rounds The burning question of the near future will not be how much work a man can do safely, but how little" (Human Factors, 1980) 73
- 64. 81 Can you spot the differences?
- 66. Primacy Effect • When given a list of information and later asked to recall that information, the items at the beginning (primacy) and the items at the end (recency) are more likely to be recalled than the items in the middle. • You never get a 2nd chance to make a 1st impression 84
- 67. UI / UX Design Considerations 85
- 68. UI / UX Impacted ME recently! 87The Website
- 69. UI / UX Impacted ME recently! 88Safari on iOS SPGApp Error!
- 71. Neuroplasticity • Brain’s potential to reorganize by creating new neural pathways to adapt as it needs • The more you focus and practice something the better you become at the new skill • Synapses that don’t usually fire together now sharpen the skills 90
- 72. What DoWe Know Now? • The human brain is very complex • Vision is very critical to us • We don’t always SEE when we are LOOKing • Understanding our own brains, its weaknesses and strengths, helps us design our testing strategies, methodologies and the tools for which we will use 91
- 73. Mike Lyles QA Director mikewlyles@gmail.com Twitter: @mikelyles www.MikeWLyles.com www.TheDriveThruBook.com http://www.linkedin.com/in/mikewlyles Keep InTouch! www.mikewlyles.com http://about.me/mikelyles 92
- 74. ThankYou! 93
- 75. References - 1 Brain Rules: 12 Principles for Surviving andThriving at Work, Home, and School: http://theweek.com/articles/460769/12-things-know-about-how-brain-works Fooled byYour Own Brain: http://nautil.us/issue/2/uncertainty/fooled-by-your-own-brain Video for the DoorTheory http://www.simonslab.com/videos.html Where Science and Story Meet http://nautil.us/issue/0/the-story-of-nautilus/where-science-and-story-meet Failures of Awareness: The Case of Inattentional Blindness http://nobaproject.com/modules/failures-of-awareness-the-case-of-inattentional-blindness Reference Guide: Inattentional Blindness http://www.yale.edu/perception/Brian/refGuides/IB.html 94
- 76. References - 2 Definitions of Neuroplasticity http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=40362 http://www.whatisneuroplasticity.com http://bigthink.com/think-tank/brain-exercise http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2015/01/15/neuroplasticity-brain-health.aspx Asymmetric Dominance http://prateekvjoshi.com/2013/02/21/asymmetric-dominance/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoy_effect http://blog.freshplum.com/pricing-strategy-decoy-effect/ Choice Blindness https://explorable.com/choice-blindness http://psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsychology/fl/What-Is-Choice-Blindness.htm http://www.lucs.lu.se/choice-blindness-group/ http://www.wired.com/2010/08/choice-blindness/ http://www.education.com/science-fair/article/evaluating-choice-blindness/ 95
- 77. References - 3 Video Credits https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VT9i99D_9gI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vF2f__k0Pnw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bgTbvyKyPCE Choice Blindness Research http://www.lucs.lu.se/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Johansson-et-al-2013-Choice-Blindness-and- Preference-Change.pdf 96
Notas del editor
- ----- Meeting Notes (3/20/16 19:35) ----- 1:00
- We have all done it….we get in the car, we are listening to music, or we are on a call, or passengers are talking to us… We get so engrossed in everything that is going on around us, that we don’t even pay attention to our surroundings Before we know it, we have reached our destination and a light goes off above our head saying “I don’t’ recall anything that went on around me while I was driving” How were we able to operate? How were we able to know to turn left, turn right, stop, yield, slow down? Are we on autopilot? Are you amazed at how you were able to do this so many times without having an accident? ----- Meeting Notes (3/20/16 19:35) ----- 1:30
- I would bet that each of you saw “Mike Lyles is Jumping to Conclusions”, however, when you see the text fully uncovered, it says nothing like that. This is the first of many examples of how that we can never assume that just because something looks familiar, it doesn’t always match our first impressions Sometimes you have to dig deep and see behind the initial look and feel of things to know for sure that what you are assuming is correct (or incorrect) ----- Meeting Notes (3/20/16 19:35) ----- 1:30
- If you have not seen this before on Brain Games or online, you will likely read this as “New York in the Spring”. Almost all of the people who were interviewed for this picture stated it without the two “THE” words together. Our brains filter our the 2nd “The” This is a direct opposite of what we had in the last slide – where we had to make assumptions on what was behind the boxes. In this example, the two words “THE” are right in front of us – in plain sight, but we do not see it duplicated. In the testing world, some of the most difficult things to test for and find are ‘hidden’. But many are right there in plain view. It is critical that we look closely for them when we are testing. ----- Meeting Notes (3/20/16 19:35) ----- 1:00
- ----- Meeting Notes (3/20/16 19:35) ----- 1:00
- No, I didn’t accidentally go back to my “About me page” And no, I’m not a narcissist that just wants to talk about ME ME ME all the time I brought this back to see if you noticed something in my biography that was subtle I’m wondering how many of you assumed that the name tag “Hello My Name” was a regular nametag that we have seen many times. Did you notice that instead of saying “My name IS Mike Lyles” it says “My name ISN’T Mike Lyles” ----- Meeting Notes (3/20/16 19:35) ----- 1:00
- We have so much to discuss today I want to share with you some of the definitions we will explore are we go through this session Each of these definitions have a story to tell Each of these relate to how we interpret, see, and evaluate what we see And each of these have a correlation to visual testing Inattentional Blindness is one that we will spend the most time with today – as it relates to what things we miss visually and why ----- Meeting Notes (3/20/16 19:35) ----- 0:30
- To have VISION, you have to have a brain. And I know we can probably name a few people that we know that having a brain may be QUESTIONABLE. When we look at VISION, it’s behind everything else that the brain is doing Your eyes are up front, but the information for that vision has to pass all the way through the brain into the back to the Occipital Lobe
- When you use mental shortcuts this allows your brain to answer quickly and with confidence
- The brain is a complex organ With the complexity comes a constant need for survival This is developed early in our years Our environments limit us many times Your responsibility is to think outside the CUBE / BOX and keep growing your brain
- Many years ago it was believed that the brain slowed growth at age 20 and completely stopped growing at 40 We know this is not true today Each and every activity that we partake in, everything we experience, has an opportunity to shape and remold our brains School children are in the early stages of brain development – and their brains are growing much like their bodies Our schools don’t always recognize this – and they expect children to grow at the same pace – generically It is our responsibility to train ourselves and continue to grow our brains and knowledge daily
- Just doing one thing at a time is so 1980’s Everyone is moving at such a fast pace that they constantly have to be doing something Just get on a transit system and look around – no one is looking at others, no one is talking – everyone is on their phones or tablets Go to a restaurant and watch families sit – everyone using their tablets, phones, or doing anything but talking We try to convince ourselves that we can multi-task – that we are good at it- and that we are productive Research shows that error rates increase 50% when multi-tasking takes place In the testing world, it is important that you don’t try to do multiple things at once – to the point where your success is impacted The best way to be a visual tester, focused and accurate, is to focus – and to not multi-task
- ----- Meeting Notes (3/20/16 19:35) ----- 2:44 for video 1:00 for discussion
- ----- Meeting Notes (3/20/16 19:35) ----- 1:44 video 1:00 discussion
- The human brain is wired to look for something relevant every 10 mins At the time of this presentation – I am challenged to give you something relevant and interesting every 10 mins or it’s just me and powerpoint We must challenge ourselves to find something interesting in the testing we are doing – every 10 mins
- Stress impacts the human brain more than anything else Whether its your workload, your boss, personal issues, or unfulfilled goals – they can weigh on you and take you down
- Stress damages every type of cognition that exists It can hurt your motor skills Over a long period of time, disrupts your motor skills People who are under stress are usually sick more often, can’t sleep, and are depressed It can actually shrink the brain, cause you to lose sleep, and ultimately affect you for you life Manage your stress – prioritize the important things – focus on the positives – seek accomplishment
- We are here to focus on VISUAL testing But it is important to understand that if we combine other senses with vision, we increase our learning and memory These effects have been proven to last more than 20 yrs
- I am sorry to be using the word TRUMP in the United States right now!! There is a reason that childrens books have mostly pictures and not many words Having a picture associated with text gives us a mental image to store and increases the memory of the situation
- So I stopped at a gas station, swiped my credit card at the pump and this prompt came up “DEBIT Y/N” The issue was there was no arrows to show me which button was yes or no. I assumed that the 2nd one down on the left would be NO and top would be YES – most all pumps are designed this way However, I could not be sure. But to move on and get the gas started, I pressed the 2nd one down and nothing happened So then I pressed first one, then 3rd, then ALL of them – still nothing
- So without any instruction on the top screen, it was up to me to decide that the keypad down below (normally used only for PIN for Debit Cards) would be the one where you would press YES or NO.
- I will tell you that 90%+ school kids will get this right every time But as adults, we have built our own theories on how to solve things – and to be honest, we have complicated the simple solution at times If I were to ask you how does a zipper work, or how does a ceiling fan work, or how does a starter work on a car – you likely will try to answer It’s the fact that we, as humans, feel the need to HAVE the answer, and sometimes we complicate it with overthinking The problem with answering based on past experiences using common sense, leaves open the possiblity that you’re using incorrect facts – especially if the information is falsely used or not up to date (out of context!) The answer to this depends on what country you are in --- kids in the USA would say this bus is going left. Because cars drive on the right side of the road, and the door opens on the right side front for kids to get off the bus. Since the door is not visible, this means the bus is travelling left and the door is on the opposite site of the far left of the screen. If you’re in a country where cars drive on the left side of the road, the bus would have a door on the left front, meaning this bus would be travelling to the right.
- While things like buses are not universally designed the same way…..there are may things that are designed the same way everywhere… So many things in our every day life require a design that matches the consumer’s expectations No matter how many buttons and options a TV controller has, you will always find the POWER button at the top. It may be on left or center or right, but it’s always at the TOP. Light switches are almost always AT the DOOR. When you walk in you instinctively start feeling around a dark room near the doorway to find the switch. Placing these buttons/switches in other locations would not only confuse, but irritate, the users
- And then we come to this hotel and eveyrtime I press the top buttons I get either menu or ORDER. Well done, Sheraton….
- If someone were to ask me to draw a website that looked like ebay (before I knew what I now KNOW), I would have colored it yellow Ever since I met Ebay, used ebay, sold on ebay, and bought on ebay through the years, I remember it being yellow But there is a history --- because if you look at Ebay.com now, you will find that is all white – there is no yellow Ebay didn’t do this overnight….well they DID, but they retracted it. They chose to go from yellow to white in one update, and customers complained everywhere So what did Ebay do? They gradually modified the yellow, to a lighter color, and then more, and then more, until it was all white. This is a perfect example of how we sometimes have to work in UI/UX and in our testing of the product. You have to be aware that users/stakeholders may not be able to handle a drastic change.
- In 1987, a movie titled “3 Men and a Baby” came out. It was a major hit in the USA But then an urban legend was born…..people began talking about this scene, about the image of a young boy in the window The rumor was that this boy had died and it was his ghost Everyone around watched this movie and it took one person calling it out before people noticed it in the window
- For sure your card is gone. But regardless of what card you pick, it would be. This is because ALL cards changed – the color stayed the same but the suit was changed on all. This gives the person focusing on ONE specific CARD the illusion that their card was removed. In testing, we have to be sure not to focus so closely in one area that we miss changes in other areas.
- Brains are wired to recognize the human face or anything that resembles it.
- When tested, babies preferred the image on the left to the image on the right We are born with the ability to recognize things that are familiar to us – and faces are one of those.
- When we recognize faces, we also recognize gender A face with more contrasts looks female In 2009, Harvard Psychologist Richard Russell experimented by showing the same face with more contrast. The one on the left appeared to be a female to the left.
- We can recognize faces even if they are blurred It’s our tendency to recognize features – there are times when we CAN visualize without seeing. Face Pareidolia – tendency to perceive something meaninful in an ambiguous stimulous Virgin Mary on grilled cheese 10 yrs old - $28k Names of people: Michael Jordan Woody Allen Goldie Hawn Bill Clinton Tom Hanks Sadaam Hussein Elvis Jay Leno Dustin Hoffman Prince Charles Cher Richard Nixon
- We can recognize faces even if they are blurred It’s our tendency to recognize features – there are times when we CAN visualize without seeing. Face Pareidolia – tendency to perceive something meaninful in an ambiguous stimulous Virgin Mary on grilled cheese 10 yrs old - $28k Names of people: Michael Jordan Woody Allen Goldie Hawn Bill Clinton Tom Hanks Sadaam Hussein Elvis Jay Leno Dustin Hoffman Prince Charles Cher Richard Nixon
- We can recognize faces even if they are blurred It’s our tendency to recognize features – there are times when we CAN visualize without seeing. Face Pareidolia – tendency to perceive something meaninful in an ambiguous stimulous Virgin Mary on grilled cheese 10 yrs old - $28k Names of people: Michael Jordan Woody Allen Goldie Hawn Bill Clinton Tom Hanks Sadaam Hussein Elvis Jay Leno Dustin Hoffman Prince Charles Cher Richard Nixon
- 2011 Cognitive scientist Matthew Thompson shared a distubring face illusion. Nothing happens if you look at the faces directly But if you look in the middle – they become grossly deformed.
- Canadian Psychologist Donald O. Hebb (1904-1985) studied how people learn Less and less input is needed once we draw on what we are seeing He called it Pattern Recognition A fundamental prerequisite for PR is the ability to distinguish between similar but not identical inputs Because we are compelled to take incomplete stories and run with them – with a half story in our minds, we earn dopamine reward every time it helps us understand something
- In 2003, Stephen Macknik discovered flickers in eyes that he called Illusion of Flowing Motion When eyes are fixated, about twice a second they make movements called MICROSACADES that are too small to be noticed Eyes move at most 1/3 of a degree When we perceive flow, the MICROSACADES rate is increased Researchers argue that our perceptual system essentially interprets the unmoving dots as SCOTOMA (a visual blemish caused by eye damage) and it “expunges it from awareness”
- In 2003, Stephen Macknik discovered flickers in eyes that he called Illusion of Flowing Motion When eyes are fixated, about twice a second they make movements called MICROSACADES that are too small to be noticed Eyes move at most 1/3 of a degree When we perceive flow, the MICROSACADES rate is increased Researchers argue that our perceptual system essentially interprets the unmoving dots as SCOTOMA (a visual blemish caused by eye damage) and it “expunges it from awareness”
- Let’s try an experiment….. Everyone in the room take out a sheet of paper and see if you can guess how many gumballs are in the container. Everyone gets a vote (unless there are > 30 people, then we go with 20-30) Average the total of the gumball guesses We are hoping for a number within the range of 10% of the actual The total number of gumballs is ______
- The wisdom of the crowd happens because there are the same amount of people that will underestimate that overestimate These miscalculations cancel each other out This takes into account the MISSES and comes close to the actual number IF we are accurate and close the true # of gumballs – we can say it works If we are NOT close, then we can discuss how that we were surely closer than the person who was the furthest from the actual Crowdtesting and bugbashes are examples of using GROUPS of people to increase your accuracy and quality A team of diverse testers may contain members that each find something particular that the other may not This increases your chances of finding defects before production Check out crowdsourcing.org for more
- Our focus today is going to be mostly around inattentional blindness This is when a person is focused on one area so much that they don’t see whats going on around them Unless we pay close attention, we can miss even the most conspicuous events CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION IS THE ABNORMALITY Our brains are often “tricked” Challenge your visual images Stop accepting NO CHANGES Example: driving around looking for yellow arrows or blue arrows – ran into bikes of the opposite color
- Imagine your brain is like a computer that cannot process information as fast as you are feeding it How many times have we been using a computer or device that asks us to wait while it processes How many videos have we waited for the buffering to catch up How many times have we waited and watched the % download and # of minutes/seconds left to complete It is important for us to realize that our eyes can see more than our brain can comprehend at one time Focused attention gets us into trouble If we are searching for an earring on the floor – everything around us is filtered out Party discussion – we tone out all other talking
- "Only those items which I notice shape my mind - without selective interest, experience is utter chaos"; "The function of ignoring, of inattention, is as vital a factor in mental progress as the function of attention itself.” (William James, 1890).
- Gaming – loss of business or errors in the game Alibaba uses facial recognition for online payments
- Gaming – loss of business or errors in the game Alibaba uses facial recognition for online payments
- Gaming – loss of business or errors in the game Alibaba uses facial recognition for online payments
- Gaming – loss of business or errors in the game Alibaba uses facial recognition for online payments
- When you have 2 choices you can quickly take a call When you narrow down to the one you chose, you don’t always remember what you picked and why You just CHOSE one.
- First bullet = (slight changes in color, slight movement of fields on screen) A/B – tests design appeals - monitor 2 different designs – tools available to capture user clicks – tons of tools to looka t analytics Usability Testing – tools available to test different aspect of usability – algorithms to simulate a real user gnerated eye tracking UI testing – recording actions and location of items on the screen – validating screen properties of the text boxes
- Neuroplasticity allows neurons in the brain (nerve cells) to compensate for injury or disease and to adjust activites to new situations or change in their environments The brains of blind people will compensate by being stronger in other sensory areas Be conscious of the fact that if you work hard at being a better tester, if you focus more on what you are seeing and not just what you’re looking at – then you can improve
- Asymmetric Dominance In marketing the decoy effect is the phenomenon where customers will tend to have a specific change in preference between two options when presented with a third option that is asymmetrically dominant to the others