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How Firebird transactions work
1.
1 1 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon How Firebird transactions work Dmitry Kuzmenko www.IBSurgeon.com
2.
2 2 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Thank you!
3.
3 3 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon • Tools and consulting • Platinum Sponsor of Firebird Foundation • Founded in 2002: 12 years of Firebird and InterBase recoveries and consulting • Based in Moscow, Russia
4.
4 4 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Agenda What is transaction? Why we need it? How we will present about transactions Records and versions Transactions and record versions Transaction Inventory Record visibility in transactions Transaction Markers and their evaluation Some conclusions
5.
5 5 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon What is transaction? • Transaction as a general concept of any dynamic system • “Classic” example • begin • -- move money from account1 to account2 • Decrease account1 • Increase account2 • end – commit/rollback • Transaction Managers
6.
6 6 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Database transaction definition • a unit of work performed against a database, and treated in a coherent and reliable way independent of other transactions. • A database transaction, by definition, must be Atomic, Consistent, Isolated and Durable
7.
7 7 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon In ideal world Insert into T1(i1) values (100); SELECT i1 FROM T1 Insert into T1(i1) values (200); only serial operations
8.
8 8 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon
9.
9 9 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon
10.
10 10 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon In real world Tx11 Tx14 INSERT T1 t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12 commit UPDATE T1 nowait commit Tx20 UPDATE T1 rollback UPDATE T1
11.
11 11 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon The ultimate purpose of transaction: • Concurrent execution of operations should lead to the exactly the same result as sequental execution of operations. In simple words: each transaction should run as the only transaction. For each [snapshot] transaction Firebird engine should maintain a stable view of the database.
12.
12 12 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon
13.
13 13 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon How Firebird does implement stable view for each transactions?
14.
14 14 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon How we will present about transactions Start End Tx 11 Transaction’s number t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12
15.
15 15 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon How we will present about transactions Tx 11 commit Tx 12 rollback Transaction’s result Transaction’s result t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12
16.
16 16 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon How we will present about transactions Tx 11 commit snapshot Transaction’s parameters t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12
17.
17 17 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon How we will present about transactions Tx 11 commit Insert into T1(i1) values (100); snapshot Operation in the frames of transaction t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12
18.
18 18 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon How we will present about transactions Result of operation Tx 11 commit Insert into T1(i1) values (100); i1 100 SELECT i1 FROM T1 snapshot t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12
19.
19 19 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Now let's start... Basics your [probably] know: - Everything in the database is done within transaction - Each transaction get it’s own incremented number 1, 2, 3, … etc - Firebird is a multi-version engine (each record in Firebird can have versions)
20.
20 20 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Record versions is a key thing for understanding transactions' work in Firebird.
21.
21 21 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon How record versions appear Tx10 commit Insert into T1(i1) values (100); t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12
22.
22 22 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon How record versions appear Tx10 commit Insert into T1(i1) values (100); Tx50 t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12 commit SELECT i1 FROM T1 i1 100
23.
23 23 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon How record versions appear Tx10 commit Insert into T1(i1) values (100); Tx50 t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12 commit SELECT i1 FROM T1 i1 100 Tx60 commit UPDATE T1 SET i1=200 new version!
24.
24 24 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon How record versions appear Tx10 commit Insert into T1(i1) values (100); Tx50 i1 200 t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12 commit SELECT i1 FROM T1 i1 100 SELECT i1 FROM T1 Tx60 commit UPDATE T1 SET i1=200 SELECT i1 FROM T1 i1 100
25.
25 25 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon How it works?
26.
26 26 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Each record version has transaction # N on page Transaction number Datafield1, datafield2 1 50 100
27.
27 27 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon TR50 read N Tx Data 1 10 100 ...
28.
28 28 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon TR50 N Tx Data write TR60 1 10 100 ... read
29.
29 29 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon TR50 N Tx Data TR60 1 10 100 60 200 ... read write
30.
30 30 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon TR50 TR60 read N Tx Data 1 10 100 60 200 ... read write
31.
31 31 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Some intermediate conclusions 1. No “locks” are placed on the record 2. There can be a lot of committed versions for one record 3. Versions may be needed or not. If not, they can be considered as “garbage”. 4. Only one non-committed version can exist for the record (2 active transactions can’t update the same record)
32.
32 32 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon How server knows about transactions states? Is transaction Active or not? •TIP – Transaction Inventory Pages • Linear list of transaction states, from 1 to last transaction number • Stored in the database • Limitation — 2 billions of transactions
33.
33 33 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Transaction states • Each transaction is represented in Transactions Inventory by it’s state • 00 – Active • 01 – Committed • 10 – Rolled back • 11 – Limbo (distributed 2-phase transactions) TIP contents Tx № Tx state … 10 committed 11 committed 12 committed 13 rolled back 14 committed 15 committed 16 committed 17 rolled back 18 active 19 committed 20 active
34.
34 34 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Tx10 commit Insert into T1(i1) values (100); Tx50 i1 200 t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12 commit SELECT i1 FROM T1 i1 100 SELECT i1 FROM T1 Tx60 commit UPDATE T1 SET i1=200 SELECT i1 FROM T1 i1 100 TIP Tx State 10 Commited Tx State 10 Commited 50 Active 60 Active Tx State 10 Commited 50 Commited 60 Commited
35.
35 35 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Transaction isolation levels
36.
36 36 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon IIssoollaattiioonn lleevveellss iinn FFiirreebbiirrdd Isolation levels in Firebird READ COMMITED SNAPSHOT SNAPSHOT WITH TABLE STABILITY
37.
37 37 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Snapshot Tx 51 rollback Insert into T1(i1) values (200); Tx 52 commit Insert into T1(i1) values (100); Tx 10 t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12 commit SELECT FROM T1 SELECT FROM T1 snapshot i1
38.
38 38 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Read Commited Tx 15 commit Insert into T1(i1) values (100); Tx 10 t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12 commit SELECT i1 FROM T1 SELECT i1 FROM T1 read commited i1 100 i1
39.
39 39 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Read Commited and Snapshot Read Committed transactions “see” global TIP. That’s why they can read committed changes of other transactions t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 Snapshot copies TIP on it’s start. It does not see any changes made by other committed transactions after snapshot start t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12
40.
40 40 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon TIP for Read Commited Tx 15 commit Insert into T1(i1) values (100); Tx 10 t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12 commit SELECT i1 FROM T1 SELECT i1 FROM T1 read commited i1 100 i1 Tx State 10 Active Tx State 10 Active 15 Active Tx State 10 Active 15 Commited
41.
41 41 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Tx 51 rollback Insert into T1(i1) values (200); Tx 52 commit Insert into T1(i1) values (100); Tx 10 t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12 commit SELECT FROM T1 SELECT FROM T1 snapshot i1 Tx State 10 Active Tx State 10 Active 51 Active 52 Active Tx State 10 Active 51 Rollback 52 Commited Tx State 10 Active TIP for snapshot
42.
42 42 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Each transaction can see: • Own created records and versions • Insert, Update, Delete • If it is Read Committed, it can see every changes that was made by committed transactions, because it looks into global TIP • If it is Snapshot, it can see own changes and record versions commited to the moment of its start, because it looks into it’s own copy of TIP
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43 43 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Record versions visibility
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44 44 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon How we will present about records Each record can have versions, created by different transactions Record 10 Tx 10 100 Tx 20 200 Tx 30 555
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45 45 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon How we will present about records Record 10 Tx 10 100 Tx 20 200 Tx 30 555 Compact representation R10 Tx 10 Tx 20 Tx 30
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46 46 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon 3 rules of record visibilty 1) For each snapshot transaction engine maintains stable view of database 2) Transaction can not see record versions created by another active transaction 3) Transaction should walk backversions chain looking for commited backversion
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47 47 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Ex: record versions visibility for Tx20 Snapshot isolation, copy of TIP for Tx20
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48 48 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon • In order to figure out which record version is visible, every transaction must read TIP • TIP can contain up to 2 Billion transactions • So each transaction should read up to 2 billions of transactions! - Damn, that's why Firebird is slow! (it's a joke)
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49 49 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon TIP (example) We need a way to separate old, not interesting transactions from currently active part of TIP ● For this purpose engine maintains Oldest Interesting Transaction marker, or OIT
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50 50 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon TIP (example)
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51 51 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon
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52 52 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Transaction markers firebird>gstat -h A.FDB Database header page information: Flags 0 Generation 6 System Change Number 0 Page size 4096 ODS version 12.0 Oldest transaction 1 Oldest active 2 Oldest snapshot 2 Next transaction 3 Sequence number 0 Next attachment ID 3
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53 53 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon 4 markers • Transaction markers are key characterstics of TIP and transaction mechanism – Let's see what they mean and how they evaluated: • NEXT — next transaction • OAT — Oldest Active • OST — Oldest Snapshot • OIT — Oldest Interesting
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54 54 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon NEXT • NEXT is the simplest — it's the most recent transaction • NEXT number is written on header page
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55 55 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon OAT - Oldest Active Transaction OAT is the first transaction in TIP which state is “active” Evaluation: ● Scan TIP starting from current OAT value looking for “active” transaction ● Save found value in transaction's lock data ● Save found value as new OAT marker OAT is really an oldest active transaction
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56 56 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon OAT evaluation example
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57 57 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Problems indicated by OAT ● Where to look? ● NEXT — OAT > (number of connections * number of transaction) ● What it means? ● Long running transaction which makes Firebird to think that record versions are still needed
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58 58 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon
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59 59 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon
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60 60 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon
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61 61 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon OST and Read Commited transactions
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62 62 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon
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63 63 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon UPDATE T1 UPDATE T1 UPDATE T1 UPDATE T1 UPDATE T1 N Tx Data 1 4 ccc 2 1 aaa 3 2 bbb 4 3 bbbb 5 6 7 ... Select * from write rdb$database t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12 The longer transaction lasts, the higher chance to create potentially useless (potential garbage) versions
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64 64 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Problems indicated by OST Where to look (OST-OIT) > sweep interval What it means – Autosweep does not work (if sweep interval >0) – Some records need garbage collection
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65 65 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Problems caused by long running transactions • Direct • Loss of performance due to more record versions: i.e., queries become slower • More indexed reads • More data page reads • 1.5mln versions ~30mb per record • Indirect • After transaction’s end its versions become garbage, and garbage collection mechanism tries to gather it • Due to long transaction OST stuck, so autosweep (if it is not disabled) tries to start at unpredictable moment (and ends without success) • GC and sweep can consume a lot of resources • Unpredictable moment can occur at high load time
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66 66 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Oldest Interesting Transaction
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67 67 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon TIP size • TIP to be copied is NEXT - OIT • Size of active part of the TIP in bytes is (Next – OIT) / 4
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68 68 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon
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69 69 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Problems indicated by OIT Where to look OIT- OST Problem Big size of TIP — Global, and, specifically copies of TIP for snapshots
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70 70 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Ideal transactions flow TxNN TxNN TxNN TxNN TxNN TxNN TxNN TxNN Short transactions does not stuck OIT or OAT or OST, and avoid problems related with it. Oldest transaction X-1 Oldest active X Oldest snapshot X Next transaction X+1 t0 t1 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12
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71 71 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Summary • Make write (for INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE) transactions as short as possible • Use Read Commited Read-Only transactions for SELECTs
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72 72 Firebird
Conference 2014, Prague © IBSurgeon Thank you! • Questions? support@ib-aid.com
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