1. WARMUP
*Have your Vocab Sheets laying out so I can
check them*
What percentage of earth do you think is covered
by water?

2. EXPLORING THE OCEANS
Earth Science: Book H, Chapter 2

3. SECTION 1: EARTH’S OCEANS
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
 List
the major divisions of the global ocean.
 Describe the history of Earth’s oceans.
 Identify the properties of ocean water.
 Describe the interactions between the ocean
and the atmosphere.

4. DIVISIONS OF THE GLOBAL OCEAN
 The
largest ocean is the Pacific Ocean.
 The
other oceans, listed from largest to
smallest, are:




the Atlantic Ocean
the Indian Ocean
the Arctic Ocean
the Southern Ocean

6. HOW DID THE OCEANS FORM?
 About
4.5 billion years ago, there were no
oceans.
 Sometime
before 4 billion years ago, water
vapor in the atmosphere condensed and fell as
rain.
rain filled the deeper levels of Earth’s
surface and the first oceans began to form.
 The
 The
shape of the oceans has changed over
time.

7. 
Need Pangaea image here

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF OCEAN WATER
 Nitrogen,
oxygen, and carbon dioxide are the
main gases dissolved in ocean water.
 Sodium
chloride, or table salt, is the most
abundant dissolved solid in the ocean. Other
solids are also found in ocean water.

9. CHARACTERISTICS OF OCEAN WATER
 Salinity
is a measure of the amount of dissolved
salts in a given amount of liquid.
 If
you evaporated 1 kg of ocean water, 965 g of
fresh water would be removed and 35 g of salts
would remain.

10. CHARACTERISTICS OF OCEAN WATER
 Climate
and water movement affect salinity.
 Coastal
water in cool, humid places has a low
salinity.
 Slow-moving
bodies of water, such as
bays, gulfs, and seas, have higher salinity than
other parts of the ocean do.

11. CHARACTERISTICS OF OCEAN WATER
 The
temperature of ocean water decreases as
depth increases.

12. CHARACTERISTICS OF OCEAN WATER
 Surface-zone
temperatures vary with latitude
and the time of year.
 Surface
temperatures range from 1ºC near the
poles to about 24 ºC near the equator.
 The
surface zone is heated more in the
summer.

14. THE OCEAN & THE WATER CYCLE
 The
water cycle is the continuous movement of
water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the
land and back to the ocean.
 The
ocean is an important part of the water
cycle because nearly all of Earth’s water is in
the ocean.

16. A GLOBAL THERMOSTAT
 The
ocean regulates atmospheric
temperatures.
 The
ocean absorbs and releases thermal
energy much more slowly than dry land does.
 The
circulation of warm water causes some
coastal lands to have warmer climates than
they would have without the currents.

18. SECTION REVIEW
p.45 #2-6, 8

19. WARMUP
If you walked off the edge of North America into
the depths of the Atlantic Ocean what would you
see?

20. SECTION 2: THE OCEAN FLOOR
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
 Describe
technologies for studying the ocean
floor.
 Identify the two major regions of the ocean
floor.
 Classify subdivisions and features of the two
major regions of the ocean floor.

21. STUDYING THE OCEAN FLOOR
 Scientists
depth.
use sonar to determine the ocean’s

22. STUDYING THE OCEAN FLOOR
 Scientists
use images from the satellite Seasat
to study ocean currents.
 Scientists
use the Geosat satellite to measure
slight changes in the height of the ocean’s
surface.

23. REVEALING THE OCEAN FLOOR
 The
two regions of the ocean floor are the
continental margin and the deep-ocean basin.
 The
continental margin is made of
continental crust and the deep-ocean basin
is made of oceanic crust.

24. REGIONS OF THE OCEAN FLOOR
 Continental
margin is subdivided into the
continental shelf, continental slope, and
continental rise.
 These
divisions are based on depth and
changes in slope.

26. REGIONS OF THE OCEAN FLOOR
 The
deep-ocean basin consists of the abyssal
plain, mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, and ocean
trenches.
of these form near the boundaries of Earth’s
tectonic plates.
 All

27. REGIONS OF THE OCEAN FLOOR
 On
parts of the deep-ocean basin not near
plate boundaries, there are thousands of
seamounts.
 Seamounts
are submerged volcanic mountains
on the ocean floor.

29. EXPLORING THE OCEAN
 Alvin
and Deep Flight are two research vessels
that can reach some of the deepest parts of the
ocean.
 JASON
II and Medea are a robotic team.
JASON II explores the ocean floor. Medea is
attached to JASON II with a tether and explores
above the sea floor.

30. SECTION REVIEW
p.51 #2-7, 11

31. WARMUP
Imagine you are a marine biologist who must
classify marine life into 3 groups.
What criteria would you use for your classification
system?

32. SECTION 3: LIFE IN THE OCEAN
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
 Identify
the three groups of marine life.
 Describe the two main ocean environments.
 Identify the ecological zones of the benthic and
pelagic environments.

33. THREE GROUPS OF MARINE LIFE
 Organisms
that float or drift freely near the
ocean’s surface are called plankton.
 Organisms
that swim actively in the open ocean
are called nekton.
 Organisms
that live on or in the ocean floor are
called benthos.

35. THE BENTHIC ENVIRONMENT
 The
benthic environment is the region near the
bottom of a pond, lake, or ocean.
 The
benthic environment is divided into
ecological zones based on where different
types of benthos live.

36. THE BENTHIC ENVIRONMENT
 The
intertidal zone is where the ocean meets the
land.
 The
intertidal zone is exposed to air for part of
the day. Organisms found in this zone include
starfish, sea anemones, barnacles, crabs, and
seaweed.

37. THE BENTHIC ENVIRONMENT
 The
sublittoral zone begins at the low-tide limit
and extends to the continental shelf, which is
about 200 m below sea level.
 The
temperature, water pressure, and amount
of sunlight remain fairly constant in this zone.
Coral is found in this zone.

38. THE BENTHIC ENVIRONMENT
 The
bathyal zone extends from the continental
shelf to the abyssal zone. The depth of this zone
ranges from 200 m to 4,000 m below sea level.
 Because
of the lack of sunlight, few plants are
found in this zone. Animals such as sea
stars, sponges, and octopuses are found here.

39. THE BENTHIC ENVIRONMENT

The abyssal zone is the largest ecological zone of
the ocean and can reach 4,000 m in depth.

No plants live in this zone. The few animals that
can be found include crabs, sponges, sea
cucumbers, and worms.

40. THE BENTHIC ENVIRONMENT
 The
hadal zone consists of the floor of the ocean
trenches and any organisms found there. The
depth can reach from 6,000 m to 7,000 m below
sea level.
 The
only organisms that have been found in this
zone include a type of sponge, a few species of
worms, and a type of clam.

41. THE PELAGIC ENVIRONMENT
zone near the ocean’s surface and at the
middle depths is called the pelagic
environment.
 The
 The
pelagic environment is above the abyssal
zone and beyond the littoral zone.
 The
two major zones of the pelagic
environment are the neritic zone and the
oceanic zone.

42. THE PELAGIC ENVIRONMENT
 The
neritic zone is a warm, shallow zone that
covers the continental shelf.
 The
neritic zone contains the largest
concentration of marine life.

43. THE PELAGIC ENVIRONMENT
 The
neritic zone receives more sunlight than
other ocean zones, allowing plankton to grow
and serve as a food supply.

44. THE PELAGIC ENVIRONMENT
 The
oceanic zone includes the volume of water
that covers the entire sea floor except for the
continental shelf.
 The
deeper parts of the oceanic zone have
colder water temperatures and much greater
pressure than the neritic zone.

45. THE PELAGIC ENVIRONMENT
 Organisms
zone.
are more spread out in the oceanic

46. SECTION REVIEW
p.57 #1-5,7,9

47. WARMUP
Samantha drove her car to the market to buy a
tuna steak for dinner. When she got home she
poured herself a glass of water, and then fired up
her gas grill to cook the tuna.
What are 3 items or activities mentioned above
that involve ocean resources?

48. SECTION 4:
RESOURCES FROM THE OCEAN
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
two ways of harvesting the ocean’s living
resources.
 Identify three nonliving resources in the ocean.
 Describe the ocean’s energy resources.
 List

49. LIVING RESOURCES
 Fish
are the largest group of organisms taken
from the ocean.
 People
have begun to raise ocean fish and
other organisms in fish farms to help meet the
demand for seafood.

50. LIVING RESOURCES
 Many
types of seaweed are harvested from the
ocean for use as food.

51. NONLIVING RESOURCES
 Oil
and natural gas are used for energy and are
found under layers of impermeable rock.
 Scientists
use seismic equipment to find oil and
natural gas under the ocean floor.

52. NONLIVING RESOURCES
 Fresh
water can be collected for human use by
desalination, the process of removing the salt
from ocean water.

53. NONLIVING RESOURCES
 Scientists
estimate that 15% of the ocean floor
is covered with mineral-rich nodules.
However, mining them is costly and difficult.
 Nodules
form from dissolved substances in sea
water that stick to solid objects, such as
pebbles.

55. NONLIVING RESOURCES
 The
constant motion of waves is a
clean, renewable energy resource.
 Researchers
have found certain areas of the
world where wave energy can generate enough
electrical energy to make building power plants
worthwhile.

56. SECTION REVIEW
p.63 #2-7

57. WARMUP
How do you contribute to ocean pollution in your
daily lives?

58. SECTION 5: OCEAN POLLUTION
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
 Explain
the difference between point-source
and nonpoint-source pollution
 Identify three different types of point-source
pollution.
 Describe what is being done to control ocean
pollution.

59. NONPOINT-SOURCE POLLUTION
 Pollution
that comes from many sources rather
than from a single site is called nonpoint-source
pollution.
 Most
ocean pollution is nonpoint-source
pollution and can be difficult to regulate and
control.

60. POINT-SOURCE POLLUTION
 Dumping
trash in the deeper parts of the ocean
is a common practice in many countries.
 Trash
thrown in the ocean can be harmful to
ocean organisms.

61. POINT-SOURCE POLLUTION
 Sludge
is the solid waste removed from raw
sewage. Sludge can pollute beaches and kill
marine life.

62. POINT-SOURCE POLLUTION
 If
not handled properly, oil transports can cause
oil spills.

63. POINT-SOURCE POLLUTION
 Oil
spills can harm or kill many plants and
animals.

64. POINT-SOURCE POLLUTION
 New
technology is being used to safeguard
against oil spills. Oil tankers are now being built
with two hulls instead of one.

65. SAVING OUR OCEAN RESOURCES
 Many
international agreements and laws
restrict ocean pollution.
 People
have demanded that their governments
work to solve ocean pollution and have begun
organizing beach cleanups.

66. SAVING OUR OCEAN RESOURCES
 The
U.S. has passed laws to control local
pollution.
 Some
of these laws include the Clean Water
Act and the U.S. Marine
Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act.

67. SECTION REVIEW
p.69 #2-6