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Organic grain production in the south
- 1. Organic Grain Production in the South Meagan Roberts Western Piedmont Community College
- 2. Organic Grains • More financial return per pound • Reduced yields up to 30% depending on species • High demand in specialty food markets, organic feed and brewing/distilling • Heirloom and heritage varieties can be best suited • Need for seed saving- sourcing usually requires doing your own increases
- 3. Grains • Seed plants used for food • Cereal grains- seeds that come from grasses • Wheat, oats, barley, millet, rye, corn, sorghum, rice, triticale • Pseudo-cereal grains- seeds that come from non-grasses • Buckwheat, amaranth, quinoa
- 4. Wheat • Bread wheat- Triticum vulgare • Hard- more protein, more gluten- breads • Soft- lower protein- cakes • All-purpose flour is a blend of hard and soft wheats • Durum wheat- Triticum durum • Pasta and semolina • “Ancient Grains”- spelt, emmer (farro), einkorn, kamut • Niche wheat-based food products- generally with higher protein content, differences in gluten (Spelt is gluten-free), and higher amounts of micronutrients • Farm Products- whole grain, seed, flour, farina, bran
- 5. Wheat
- 6. Oats, Rye and Barley • Oats- Avena sativa • Barley- Hordeum vulgare • Rye- Secale cereal- lower glycemic index • Lower gluten content, grow in areas wheat will not • Farm products- whole grain, seed, flour, bran products, ‘rolled’ grains, brewing products (malting), spouted grains
- 7. Oats, Rye and Barley
- 8. Barley- 2 row vs 6 row • Refers to the number of seed rows in the inflorescense • 2 row- less protein and carbs • 6 row- more protein and carbs, higher enzyme concentration • 6 is more common in American brewing, 2 in European brewing
- 9. Sorghum • Sorghum bicolor • Sugar, seed and broom types • Colors of yellow, red, black, brown, purple • Grows well in poor soil and infrequent water • Traditionally southern • Farm products- syrup, whole grain, seed, flour, brewing products
- 10. Sorghum
- 11. Corn • Zea mays • Native to North America • Flint- hard seed coat, low water content, variety of colors (Indian corn) • Dent- kernels have a ‘dent’, softer, most common food product corn in US • Popcorn- high moisture expands kernel when heated • Farm products- whole grain, seed, meal, flour, grits, popcorn
- 12. Corn
- 13. Millet and Triticale • Millet- pearl type- Pennisetum glaucum • Triticale- wheat/rye hybrid- x Triticosecale • Farm products- flour, whole grains, seed, triticale flakes
- 15. Buckwheat • Fagopyrum esculentum • Not related to grasses, can be rotated • Farm Products- flour, groats, whole grain, seed
- 16. Planting Warm Season- soil temp above 60F • Corn • Sorghum • Millet • Buckwheat Cool Season- after first freeze, fall • Wheat • Oats • Rye • Barley • Triticale
- 17. Organic Seed Sources • Biggest issue is buying commercial quantity • Buy open-pollinated so you can save your own! • Seed Savers Exchange • Johnny’s Selected Seeds • Sustainable Seed Company • Grow Organic • Heirloom Organics
- 18. Variety Considerations • Corn and sorghum are easily sourced for the South • Bloody Butcher corn is a great starting place • Sand Mountain Sorghum has been most successful for us • Consider modifying northern grain planting schedules • A spring wheat from North Dakota can be a winter wheat in the South • We grow Glenn Hard Red Spring Wheat as a winter wheat in NC • Talk to your Universities for state-specific varieties • Experiment with your own variety trial before to committing to quantities • Look for naturally resistant varieties to support Organic production • Taylor variety selection to match the highest yield robbing factors
- 19. Equipment • Ground prep- • Traditional Tillage- plow, disc, tiller or just a spader • No-till- crimper, sprayer, mower • Seeding- grain drill or no-till drill • Harvest- combine- pull type (Allis Chalmers All Crop or International) or driven • For corn, you will need a corn head and a sheller, or a dedicated corn picker • Biggest question is cost- no till equipment is more expensive up front
- 20. Plow, Disc and Till
- 21. Spader
- 22. Crimper
- 23. Drill
- 24. Combine
- 25. Corn
- 26. Cleaning • Commercial seed cleaning equipment- A.R. McKay, Clipper • Storage totes- bag totes, bins etc. • Bag sewer
- 27. Storage • Freezer and refrigeration facilities • Freeze seed before storing under refrigeration or in vacuum sealed bags • Seed quantities for replanting can be stored in cool, dry space on pallets to allow for placement of traps
- 28. Processing • Milling • Meadows Milling • Osttiroler Getreidemühlen • Antique milling equipment • Germination • Malting • Rolling • Bagging and weighing
- 30. Markets • Bakers • Home and commercial millers • Breweries • Distilleries • Feed stores • Historical reenactment • Restaurants
- 31. Questions? • Meagan Roberts • mroberts@wpcc.edu • 828-448-3562 • On Facebook: WPCC Sustainable Agriculture